Fetal alcohol syndrome: Craniofacial and central nervous system manifestations

Johnson, Virginia P.; Swayze, Victor W.; Sato, Yutaka; Andreasen, Nancy C.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19960202)61:4<329::aid-ajmg6>3.0.co;2-p

Cited by 118 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…These results are not surprising in light of the well-documented teratogenic effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on facial features [21,26,34]. Prenatal marijuana and tobacco exposure were also related to higher rates of physical abnormalities, findings also supported by previous research [1,10,27].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Dysmorphic and anthropometric outcomes in 6-year-old prenatally cocaine-exposed children

Minnes

Robin

Alt

et al. 2006

Neurotoxicology and Teratology

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Dysmorphologic and anthropometric assessments were performed on 154 6-year-old children prenatally exposed to cocaine (PCE) and 131 high-risk controls (NCE) of similar race and social class. Adjusted mean height z scores demonstrated a dose-response with metahydroxybenzoylecgonine above a threshold of 100 ng/g of meconium and greater cocaine exposure predicted lower weight for height z score. Higher average alcohol exposure throughout pregnancy and 3rd trimester predicted lower head circumference and weight z scores, respectively. Severity of marijuana use also predicted lower height for age but greater weight for height. There was not an increased rate of minor anomalies among the PCE cohort, nor was a consistent phenotype identified. After controlling for covariates, higher average prenatal cigarette exposure predicted higher incidence of cranial facial abnormalities. First trimester alcohol exposure predicted greater rates of ear abnormalities and third trimester marijuana exposure predicted greater rates of chest and head shape abnormalities. These finding indicate that prenatal cocaine exposure has a negative effect on specific growth outcomes including standardized height and weight for height, but not a systematic pattern of structural abnormalities.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Dysmorphic and anthropometric outcomes in 6-year-old prenatally cocaine-exposed children

Minnes

Robin

Alt

et al. 2006

Neurotoxicology and Teratology

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“…Although total absence of this brain structure is rare, occurring at a rate of 0.1% in the typical population and 2% in the developmentally disabled (Jeret et al, 1986), a higher rate of ACC has been reported in individuals with FAS (Riley, et al, 1995;Swayze et al 1997). Also, ACC is commonly accompanied by ventricular abnormalities, as midline structures typically adjoining the corpus callosum are displaced (Johnson et al, 1996). While ACC is rare even among individuals with FAS, hypoplasia of the corpus callosum has been frequently reported (Autti-Ramo et al, 2002;Mattson et al, 1992;Riley et al, 1995;Sowell et al 2001b;Swayze et al, 1997).…”

Section: Corpus Callosummentioning

confidence: 54%

Neuroimaging and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

Spadoni

McGee

Fryer

et al. 2007

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

127

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Heavy prenatal alcohol exposure causes permanent structural alterations to the brain and can lead to numerous cognitive and behavioral outcomes. Consistent with many of the neuropsychological and behavioral deficits that have been reported, neuroimaging studies reveal a pattern of structural abnormalities associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. This chapter systematically reviews structural anomalies by brain region, identifying cognitive and behavioral correlates when relevant. The consensus shows that in addition to the overall reduction of brain size, prominent brain shape abnormalities have been observed, with narrowing in the parietal region and reduced brain growth in portions of the frontal lobe. Commensurate with these anomalies, volumetric and tissue density findings cite disproportionate reductions in the parietal lobe, cerebellar vermis, corpus callosum, and the caudate nucleus, suggesting that certain areas of the brain may be especially vulnerable to prenatal alcohol exposure. In sum, neuroimaging techniques have greatly advanced our understanding of brain-behavior relationships in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), and hopefully will lead to improved diagnosis and treatment options for those affected by prenatal exposure to alcohol.

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“…Fetal alcohol exposure causes Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD), which have an estimated prevalence reaching 1% in North America (1). FASD are associated with defects to numerous organs, including the central nervous system (2). Defects to the central nervous system are especially diffuse and can include disruptions to the corpus callosum (3,4).…”

mentioning

confidence: 70%