Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Nulman, Irena; Shulman, Talya; Liu, Feiyuan

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809405-1.00038-9

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…FASD is a serious global public health concern, and its effects can persist through to adulthood. Its incidence ranges from 1% to 20% among children [ 10 ], and in younger school-aged children, its incidence can be as high as 20–50 cases per 1000 children [ 11 ]. The approximate incidence of FASDs in the general population was roughly estimated at about 1–2 cases per 1000 individuals [ 12 ], while the approximate incidence of FAS is 9–10 cases per 1000 individuals [ 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms Underlying Cognitive Impairment Induced by Prenatal Alcohol Exposure

Alhowail¹

2022

Brain Sciences

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Alcohol is one of the most commonly used illicit substances among pregnant women. Clinical and experimental studies have revealed that prenatal alcohol exposure affects fetal brain development and ultimately results in the persistent impairment of the offspring’s cognitive functions. Despite this, the rate of alcohol use among pregnant women has been progressively increasing. Various aspects of human and animal behavior, including learning and memory, are dependent on complex interactions between multiple mechanisms, such as receptor function, mitochondrial function, and protein kinase activation, which are especially vulnerable to alterations during the developmental period. Thus, the exploration of the mechanisms that are altered in response to prenatal alcohol exposure is necessary to develop an understanding of how homeostatic imbalance and various long-term neurobehavioral impairments manifest following alcohol abuse during pregnancy. There is evidence that prenatal alcohol exposure results in vast alterations in mechanisms such as long-term potentiation, mitochondrial function, and protein kinase activation in the brain of offspring. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are very few recent reviews that focus on the cognitive effects of prenatal alcohol exposure and the associated mechanisms. Therefore, in this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive summary of the recently reported alterations to various mechanisms following alcohol exposure during pregnancy, and to draw potential associations with behavioral changes in affected offspring.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms Underlying Cognitive Impairment Induced by Prenatal Alcohol Exposure

Alhowail¹

2022

Brain Sciences

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“…ten wirken sich die inhalierten Stoffe über die Plazenta direkt auf den Fetus aus [14]. International anerkannte Institutionen zur Förderung der öffentlichen Gesundheit, darunter die Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO), sprechen sich daher gegen den Konsum von E-Zigaretten während der Schwangerschaft aus [15].…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…Previous trials regarded e-cigarette vaping during pregnancy as particularly dangerous because the foetus absorbs not only the nicotine but also heavy metals and potentially harmful chemicals through the maternal bloodstream 13 . Just as with the consumption of traditional cigarettes, the inhaled substances directly impact the foetus via the placenta 14 . Internationally recognised institutions for the promotion of public health, including the World Health Organization (WHO), therefore speak out against the use of e-cigarettes during pregnancy 15 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In früheren Studien wurde E-Zigaretten-Konsum während der Schwangerschaft als besonders gefährlich eingestuft, da der Fetus nicht nur das Nikotin, sondern auch Schwermetalle und potenziell schädigende Chemikalien über den maternalen Blutkreislauf aufnimmt 13 . Ebenso wie bei dem Konsum konventioneller Zigaretten wirken sich die inhalierten Stoffe über die Plazenta direkt auf den Fetus aus 14 . International anerkannte Institutionen zur Förderung der öffentlichen Gesundheit, darunter die Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO), sprechen sich daher gegen den Konsum von E-Zigaretten während der Schwangerschaft aus 15 .…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Effects of Prenatal Electronic Cigarette Exposure On Foetal Development: a Review of the Literature

Römer

Putzer

Kemmerich

et al. 2021

Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd

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Since their market launch in 2007, e-cigarettes gained popularity and were considered a relatively safe alternative to traditional cigarettes. Pregnant women and women of childbearing age in particular are increasingly turning to e-cigarettes. Little is known about the effects of prenatal exposure on the affected foetus. This paper aims to provide an overview of the current research on the effects of prenatal e-cigarette exposure on the foetus. Since studies in humans are lacking to date, this review refers only to animal and in vitro analyses. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were used for an extensive literature search. The search yielded N = 17 significant research papers. Possible sequelae resulting from prenatal exposure to traditional cigarettes were also seen in prenatal exposure to e-cigarettes. Prenatal e-cigarette exposure was found to be associated with increased DNA methylation overall, resulting in lower gene expression. This could adversely impact the development of affected children, especially in case of those genes relevant to their development. In mice, for example, this greatly reduced the cell vitality of neural and stem cells and increased cell death. Further, prenatal exposure to e-cigarettes resulted in numerous developmental disorders, such as malformations of facial morphology and lower birth weight. Moreover, in animal models the animals suffered from a deterioration of their short-term memory. Activity and cognitive flexibility increased, while anxiety behaviour decreased. It is clear that more research and especially studies of humans are needed on this issue. In addition, there is a need for more intense education of prenatal care professionals as well as women of childbearing age and during pregnancy.

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