Feruloylated Oligosaccharides Alleviate Central Nervous Inflammation in Mice Following Spinal Cord Contusion

Abstract

As one of the empirical models of the chronic central inflammatory response, a spinal cord injury (SCI) deteriorates the neuronal survival and results in irreversible motor and sensory dysfunction below the injury area. Our previous studies have reported that maize bran feruloylated oligosaccharides (FOs) exert significant anti-inflammatory activities both in diabetes and colitis. However, no direct evidence of FOs alleviating central nervous inflammation was stated. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of FOs on SCI and its potential mechanism. Our results indicated that 4 weeks of FO administration effectively mitigated the inflammatory response via decreasing the number of microglia (labelled with Iba1), result in the expression of IL-1α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-18 and TNF-α downregulating, but the level of IL-10 and BDNF increases in the injured spinal cord. Moreover, FOs enhanced neuronal survival, ameliorated the scar cavities, and improved behaviors, including Basso mouse scale (BMS) scores and the gait of mice after SCI. Together, these results demonstrated that administration of FOs showed superior functional recovery effects in a SCI model. Also, FOs may modulate inflammatory activities by regulating the expression of proinflammatory factors, decreasing the production of inflammatory cells, and promoting functional recovery through the MAPK pathway following SCI.

Feruloylated Oligosaccharides Prevented Influenza-Induced Lung Inflammation via the RIG-I/MAVS/TRAF3 Pathway

“…After ingestion, FOs manifest shared biological effects derived from both components. Our prior research has shown that FOs have the ability to reduce inflammation by blocking the release of IL-23 and IL-6, while also boosting the release of TGF-β1 in dendritic cells. − Furthermore, our research indicated that FOs decreased the quantity of microglia in case of neuroinflammation, resulting in the suppression of IL-1α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α in the central nervous system (CNS) . These collective findings suggest that FOs have anti-inflammatory effects.…”

“…The elution gradient was set up with the following parameters: 0 to 5 min, A:B = 90:10 (v/v); 5.1 to 20 min, A:B = 75:25; 20.1 to 25 min, A:B = 68:32; and 25.1 to 35 min, A:B = 90:10 . The flow rate remained constant at 0.3 mL/min, with the column temperature set at 23 °C. , ESI-positive or -negative ions (H + ) were employed for determining the molecular weight of the compounds present in the hydrolysates. , Moreover, the method for detecting the concentration of conjugated FA in FOs has been extensively applied in several previous studies conducted by our research team. ,− FOs species were identified through HPLC-MS or MS, with monosaccharides analyzed using an ion chromatograph . The average polymerization degree (DP) was calculated by dividing the total sugar content by the reducing sugar content.…”

“…12−16 Furthermore, our research indicated that FOs decreased the quantity of microglia in case of neuroinflammation, resulting in the suppression of IL-1α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α in the central nervous system (CNS). 13 These collective findings suggest that FOs have antiinflammatory effects. However, robust evidence is required to validate the effectiveness of FOs in suppressing influenzainduced lung inflammation.…”

Neuroprotective Potential of Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides: An Overview of Experimental Evidence

“…FOs modulated the expression of inflammatory mediators (downregulated TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-18 levels, and upregulated IL-10 and BDNF) and ameliorated behavioral recovery following spinal cord injury. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that FOs exhibited anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects via the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway with enhanced expression of BDNF levels ( Li et al, 2020 ).…”

“…COS can be isolated from natural sources or can be produced by chitin hydrolysis using chitinase ( Ahmed et al, 2012 ; Qin and Zhao, 2019 ). Recently, the neuroprotective properties of feruloylated oligosaccharides (FOs) from maize bran have been evaluated ( Li et al, 2020 ).…”