Fertilizers and nitrate leaching

Hester, R. E.; Harrison, R M; Thomas, Manuel

doi:10.1039/9781847550088-00001

Cited by 76 publications

(57 citation statements)

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“…This has been due to intensification of agricultural production involving the application of nitrogen fertilizers (Spalding and Exner 1993;Addiscott 1996;Di and Cameron 2002). Although this problem is more pronounced in the developed countries, rising nitrate concentration in groundwater have also been detected in some regions of developing countries where agricultural production has intensified with increased use of both chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizers (Di and Cameron 2002).…”

Section: Leachingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Partial balance of nitrogen in a maize cropping system in humic nitisol of Central Kenya

Kimetu

Mugendi

Bationo

et al. 2006

Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst

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The application of nitrogen in a soil under agricultural production is subject to several pathways including de-nitrification, leaching and recovery by an annual crop. This is as well greatly influenced by the management practices, nitrogen source and soil conditions. The main objective of this study was to investigate the loss of nitrogen (N) through nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions and mineral N leaching and uptake by annual crop as influenced by the N source. The study was carried out at Kabete in Central Kenya. Measurements were taken during the second season after two seasons of repeated application of N as urea and Tithonia diversifolia (tithonia) leaves. Results obtained indicated that nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions at 4 weeks after planting were as high as 12.3 lg N m À2 h À1 for tithonia treatment and 2.9 lg N m À2 h À1 for urea treatment. Tithonia green biomass treatment was found to emit N 2 O at relatively higher rate compared to urea treatment. This was only evident during the fourth week after treatment application.Soil mineral N content at the end of the season increased down the profile. This was evident in the three treatments (urea, tithonia and control) investigated in the study. Urea treatment exhibited significantly higher mineral N content down the soil profile (9% of the applied N) compared to tithonia (0.6% of the applied N). This was attributed to the washing down of the nitrate-N from the topsoil accumulating in the lower layers of the soil profile. However, there was no significant difference in N content down the soil profile between tithonia treatment and the control. It could be concluded that there was no nitrate leaching in the tithonia treatment. Nitrogen recovery by the maize crop was higher in the urea treatment (76% of the applied N) as compared to tithonia treatment (55.5% of the applied N). This was also true for the residual mineral N in the soil at the end of the season which was about 7.8% of the applied N in the urea treatment and 5.2% in the tithonia treatment.From this study, it was therefore evident that although there is relatively lower N recovery by maize supplied with tithonia green biomass compared to maize supplied with urea, more nitrogen is being lost (through leaching) from the soil-plant system in the urea applied plots than in tithonia applied plots. However, a greater percentage (37.8%) of the tithonia-applied N could not be

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Section: Leachingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Partial balance of nitrogen in a maize cropping system in humic nitisol of Central Kenya

Kimetu

Mugendi

Bationo

et al. 2006

Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst

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“…Leaching refers to the loss of NO 3 − from the soil root zone into ground and surface waters and results from the combination of three physical processes: convection, diffusion and hydrodynamic dispersion [26]. The convective transport of nitrate in the root zone occurs due to the mass flow of water through the soil during drainage after precipitation and/or irrigation events.…”

Section: Nitrate Leachingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Agriculture is seen as one of the main N pollution sources through the diffuse emission of ammonia (NH 3 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) to air and nitrate (NO 3 − ) to surface and ground waters [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nitrogen Related Diffuse Pollution from Horticulture Production—Mitigation Practices and Assessment Strategies

Cameira

Mota

2017

Horticulturae

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Abstract:Agriculture is considered one of the main nitrogen (N) pollution sources through the diffuse emissions of ammonia (NH 3 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) to the atmosphere and nitrate (NO 3 − ) to water bodies. The risk is particularly high in horticultural production systems (HPS), where the use of water and fertilizers is intensive and concentrated in space and time, and more specifically, in the case of vegetable crops that have high growth rates, demanding an abundant supply of water and nitrogen forms. Therefore, to comply with the EU environmental policies aimed at reducing diffuse pollution in agriculture, there is the need for mitigation practices or strategies acting at different levels such as the source, the timing and the transport of N. HPS are often well suited for improvement practices, but efficient and specific tools capable of describing and quantifying N losses for these particular production systems are required. The most common mitigation strategies found in the literature relate to crop, irrigation and fertilization management. Nevertheless, only the success of a mitigation strategy under specific conditions will allow its implementation to be increasingly targeted and more cost effective. Assessment methods are therefore required to evaluate and to quantify the impact of mitigation strategies in HPS and to select the most promising ones.

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“…For example, nitrate fertilizers are used extensively in agriculture, and can negatively impact the quality of rivers, groundwater and other water resources by stimulating the occurrence of eutrophication-causing algal blooms [1]. Potential impacts on human health [2,3] give cause for regulation and monitoring of nitrate levels in drinking water, particularly from groundwater wells in agricultural regions where livestock waste releases are a problem.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and environmental application of a nitrate selective microsensor based on doped polypyrrole films

Bendikov

Kim

Harmon

2005

Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical

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This work describes the development and testing of a sensitive and selective potentiometric nitrate microsensor based on doped polypyrrole films. Utilizing 6-7 m carbon fibers as a substrate for pyrrole electropolymerization allowed fabrication of flexible, miniature and inexpensive sensors for in situ monitoring of nitrate. The sensors have a rapid response (several seconds) and in their characteristics are competitive with expensive commercial nitrate ion selective electrodes (ISE), exhibiting Nernstian behavior (slopes 54 ± 1 mV per log cycle of nitrate concentration (n = 8), at T = 22• C), a linear response to nitrate concentrations spanning three orders of magnitude (0.1-10 −4 M or 6200-6.2 ppm of NO 3 − ), and a detection limit of (3 ± 1) × 10 −5 M (1.25-2.5 ppm). After a 2-month-period, the response was unchanged, and after 4.5 months, one version of the electrode continued to exhibit significant sensitivity to nitrate. Several polypyrrole nitrate microsensors were embedded sequentially downstream from a point source of nitrate solution in an intermediate scale physical groundwater model as a test of their performance under simulated environmental conditions. The microsensors responded appropriately to the approaching nitrate solution front, demonstrating dispersion and attenuation of the nitrate concentrations that increased with distance from the source.

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Fertilizers and nitrate leaching

Cited by 76 publications

References 0 publications

Partial balance of nitrogen in a maize cropping system in humic nitisol of Central Kenya

Partial balance of nitrogen in a maize cropping system in humic nitisol of Central Kenya

Nitrogen Related Diffuse Pollution from Horticulture Production—Mitigation Practices and Assessment Strategies

Development and environmental application of a nitrate selective microsensor based on doped polypyrrole films

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