Fertilization benefits the facultative parasitic plant Rhamphicarpa fistulosa while gains by the infected host Oryza sativa are marginalized

Abstract

Background and Aims Rhamphicarpa fistulosa (Hochst.) Benth. is an annual facultative parasitic plant adapted to hydromorphic soils. In sub-Saharan Africa it causes high crop losses as a weed in rainfed lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.). Fertilisers are often proposed as control measure against hemiparasitic weeds but understanding of nutrient effects on R. fistulosa is currently still elusive. Methods In two greenhouse pot experiments, conducted in 2016 in the Netherlands and in 2019 in the UK, host plants (O. sativa, cv IR64) and parasitic plants (R. fistulosa) were grown alone or combined, and subjected to different nutrient availability levels. Biomass measurements were used to assess if and how nutrient availability effects are expressed in the host and parasite. Key Results Compared to parasite-free host plants, the biomass of parasite-infested plants was severely reduced and nutrient effects on host plant biomass were less pronounced. Inversely, increased nutrient availability did not have an effect on parasitic plants when grown alone, but when grown with a host the parasitic plant biomass proportionally increased. Grown together, the combined biomass of host plant and parasite was substantially lower than that of the host plant grown alone. The ratio in biomass between host plant and parasite was unaffected by nutrient availability. Conclusions Fertilization benefits to rice plants are severely reduced but not completely nullified by R. fistulosa infection. The parasite's production and reproduction benefits accrued from increased nutrient availability are restricted to conditions in presence of a host plant. Host presence and nutrient effects are thus observed to be synergetic; R. fistulosa plants parasitizing a suitable host respond strongly to increasing levels of nutrients. This is associated with an increased root biomass of the parasitic plant itself but more likely resulting from exploitation of the nutrient uptake capacity of the host plant it parasitizes on.