Fertilization and larval development in sea urchins following exposure of gametes and embryos to cadmium

Pagano, Giovanni; Esposito, A.; Giordano, Giovan Giacomo

doi:10.1007/bf01055185

Cited by 88 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The first study about Cd exposure in P. lividus sea urchin was carried out in 1982, showing doseand time-dependent developmental defects (Pagano et al 1982).…”

Section: Autophagy As a Defense Strategy In Sea Urchin Embryomentioning

confidence: 99%

Autophagy as a defense strategy against stress: focus on Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin embryos exposed to cadmium

Chiarelli

Martino

Agnello

et al. 2016

Cell Stress and Chaperones

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Autophagy is used by organisms as a defense strategy to face environmental stress. This mechanism has been described as one of the most important intracellular pathways responsible for the degradation and recycling of proteins and organelles. It can act as a cell survival mechanism if the cellular damage is not too extensive or as a cell death mechanism if the damage/stress is irreversible; in the latter case, it can operate as an independent pathway or together with the apoptotic one. In this review, we discuss the autophagic process activated in several aquatic organisms exposed to different types of environmental stressors, focusing on the sea urchin embryo, a suitable system recently included into the guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays to monitor autophagy. After cadmium (Cd) exposure, a heavy metal recognized as an environmental toxicant, the sea urchin embryo is able to adopt different defense mechanisms, in a hierarchical way. Among these, autophagy is one of the main responses activated to preserve the developmental program. Finally, we discuss the interplay between autophagy and apoptosis in the sea urchin embryo, a temporal and functional choice that depends on the intensity of stress conditions.

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“…The first study about Cd exposure in P. lividus sea urchin was carried out in 1982, showing doseand time-dependent developmental defects (Pagano et al 1982).…”

Section: Autophagy As a Defense Strategy In Sea Urchin Embryomentioning

confidence: 99%

Autophagy as a defense strategy against stress: focus on Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin embryos exposed to cadmium

Chiarelli

Martino

Agnello

et al. 2016

Cell Stress and Chaperones

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“…Embryogenesis is often the period in the life cycle of organisms most sensitive to adverse conditions (Olsson et al 1990, EPA 1991. Embryos and larvae of invertebrates have often been used in toxicity tests on account of their sensitivity (Calabrese & Nelson 1974, Calabrese et al 1977, Marshall 1978, Pagano et al 1982, Ringwood & Brouwer 1995, Wong et al 1995, Timmermans et al 1996. However, most papers only report effects on survival and growth of the early life stages.…”

Section: Undifferentiated and Dead Embryos Did Not Increase Near The mentioning

confidence: 99%

Malformations in embryos of the deposit-feeding amphipod Monoporeia affinis in the Baltic Sea

Sundelin¹,

Eriksson²

1998

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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The embryonic development of the deposit-feeding Baltic amphipod Monoporeia affjnis (Lindstrom) was studied from fertilization to hatching. Severe types of aberrant embryonic development are described and the normal variation of the aberrations is estimated. Between 2 and 6% malformed, 0 and 5 % undifferentiated and 0 and 6% dead eggs and embryos were observed at different sites in the coastal area of the northern Baltic proper and the Bothnian Sea without local contaminant &scharges. The embryonic development of M. affinis was described to facilitate the use of the embryo variables in field studies of sediment toxicity. The merits of the different embryo variables as biomarkers in effect monitoring were evaluated. Gravid females were sampled in the receiving waters of 2 different types of pulp mills and an aluminum smeltery. Fecundity (eggs per female) and frequency of malformed, enlarged, undifferentiated and dead embryos per female were determined. Frequency of malformed embryos was higher at industrially affected stations as compared to reference areas (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001 and p = 0.003 respectively). The highest frequencies (15.3%) were recorded close to the alurninum smeltery. In reference areas the frequency vaned between 1.5 and 4.9. The number of enlarged embryos with oedema was higher near the pulp m d s (p = 0.03, p > 0.0001), particularly the pulp mill with a bleaching stage, where 25 to 40% embryos per female were affected. Background frequencies of enlarged embryos (0.7 to 3.5%) were observed outside the alurninum smeltery. UnMferentiated eggs and dead eggs did not correlate to the exposure situation, suggesting these variables are of lunited value in effect monitoring of xenobiotics. The frequency of malformed embryos was increased also when fecundity, reproduction success and developmental stage of embryos were unaffected. Thus, the variable is suggested to be particularly toxicant-sensitive and by analysing the number of malformed embryos of M. affinis an early warning of affected populations could be provided.

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“…Moreover, the measurement of the rates of gastrulation was omitted because pluteus formation was observed precisely. On the pluteus formation, the teratogenic effects of some chemicals were studied by Hagstrom & Lanning (1973) and Pagano, Esposito & Giordano (1982). Recently, Pagano et al (1986) were worked these more precisely on pluteus formation.…”

Section: Considerations and Proposal Of A New Ranking For Bioassaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine Pollution Bioassay by Sea Urchin Eggs, an Attempt to Enhance Sensitivity

Kobayashi¹

1990

Publ. SMBL

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With Text- figure 1 and Tables 1-8 The author (Kobayashi, 1971) proposed the use of sea urchin eggs and embryos as indicatory materials in marine pollution bioassay, and actually this was applied to the survey of the sea water pollution in the Inland Sea of Japan (Kobayashi et al., 1972). The method was then improved to enhance the sensitivity by using aged eggs (Kobayashi, 1974). Later it was found that, in successive treatment, the sensitivity to chemicals increased from fertilization to metamorphosis in the same solution, then the effects on the formation of pluteus were more pronounced than in any other earlier stages (Kobayashi, 1977). In pulse treatment, on the other hand, the sperm is most sensitive and the fertilization and gastrulation are more sensitive than the first cleavage, blastulation and pluteus formation (Kobayashi, 1980). The sperm condition was taken into consideration when an improved version of the previous method (Kobayashi, 1974) was formulated, and both aged eggs and sperm were used (Kobayashi, 1984(Kobayashi, , 1985. By using aged eggs and sperm, the sensitivity of this method has been markedly increased. Nevertheless, this improved method was too complex and a practicable method became necessary. This paper describes another method using developing eggs and larvae up to pluteus, which is more simple and sensitive than any of the former methods. A revised ranking is also proposed to actually apply to the bioassay.Eggs and sperm of Anthocidaris crassispina (A. Agassiz) (breeding season: May-September) or Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus (A. Agassiz) (January-March) were obtained at the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory and inseminated in each test water, then the rates of first cleavage, pluteus formation and some anomalies in the development were checked. In this method, pre-treatment of gametes, measurement of the rates of fertilization and gastrulation were excluded, differed from the former methods.Eggs were obtained by a method (0.5-1 cc of 0.5 M potassium chloride or 0.1 M acetylchorine chloride solution injected into the body cavity), being washed several times with fresh sea water, and were used as soon as possible, within 1 hour at the latest. Sperms were obtained from testes within 6 hours after being taken out of the test. The sperm density for insemination was standardized at about 1 dry sperm: 100,000 sea water in volume. Before the beginning of experiments, the preliminary check of egg batch and sperm was made to see if the fertilization membrane was elevated in 3 minutes after insemination in over 90% of eggs and if the well synchronized first cleavage occurred in over 90% of

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Fertilization and larval development in sea urchins following exposure of gametes and embryos to cadmium

Cited by 88 publications

References 19 publications

Autophagy as a defense strategy against stress: focus on Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin embryos exposed to cadmium

Autophagy as a defense strategy against stress: focus on Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin embryos exposed to cadmium

Malformations in embryos of the deposit-feeding amphipod Monoporeia affinis in the Baltic Sea

Marine Pollution Bioassay by Sea Urchin Eggs, an Attempt to Enhance Sensitivity

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