“…Second, ascertaining whether women choose to give birth due to low productivity or fertility reduces female productivity is impossible (Bloom et al, 2009;Yang, 2017). Third, prior studies mainly used census data (Glauber, 2007;van Steenbergen and Ellemers, 2009;Daouli et al, 2009;Cao, 2019), questionnaires, and survey data (Meng and Lyu, 2022;Huang, 2018;Zhuang, 2020Zhuang, , 2022, or laboratory data (Woolley et al, 2010;Hoogendoorn et al, 2013). These censuses were conducted only every few years, and given the differences between subjective perception and objective existence in the questionnaire surveys, laboratory data can neither consider fertility's impact on women's output nor provide direct data support for women's employment, fertility, and productivity levels.…”