Ferromanganese crusts from the Sea of Okhotsk

Baturin, G. N.; Дубинчук, В. Т.; Рашидов, В. А.

doi:10.1134/s0001437012010031

Cited by 25 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The presence of high contents of low crystalline and intergrown minerals like vernadite (up to 90%) and goethite group minerals (unstable ferrihydrite, goethite and feroxyhyte) is consistent with the optical studies in which their small crystal size due to the particulate precipitation made it impossible to differentiate them. In addition, the predominant columnar to dense parallel structure in all samples reveals a slow growth consistent with the predominance of this hydrogenetic origin for all studied crusts and with the results obtained by other authors [1,15,18,20,23,75,76]. In some samples, it is possible to distinguish areas with more dendritic to mottled structure bound to high detrital input and in some crusts the presence in bulk XRD of~10 Å reflection that usually indicates diagenetic Mn-oxides as todorokite, buserite or asbolane ( Figure 4A,B) [22,30,47].…”

Section: Bulk Analysis Vs High-resolution Analysissupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Hydroxide complexes of La are less stable in seawater compared with Sm; in addition, REE in seawater form mono-and di-carbonate complexes whose stability increase with the atomic number, promoting a higher scavenging of LREY in hydrogenetic laminae [3,109]. Hydrothermal laminae as were also seen in [20] reflect the seawater REY pattern, although some laminae can show a positive Eu anomaly in the REY/PAAS plot diagram, typical of hydrothermal fluids ( Figure 14A).…”

Section: Cisp Crusts Composition and Metallurgic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Marine Fe-Mn deposits are usually classified in three mineralization types depending on the predominant genetic process acting during their growth: hydrogenetic, hydrothermal and diagenetic forming commonly crusts, nodules or stratabounds. Mn-oxides in hydrogenetic crusts are essentially Fe-vernadite and birnessite; on the other hand, diagenetic and hydrothermal deposits show the presence of todorokite, asbolane and buserite [1,[19][20][21][22]. Hydrogenetic crusts are enriched in several critical elements like Co, Ni, Te, V, Mo, REYs and Pt (respectively up to 6600, 4500, 60, 850, 500, 2500 µg/g and 560 ng/g) compared with continental crust [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrogenetic, Diagenetic and Hydrothermal Processes Forming Ferromanganese Crusts in the Canary Island Seamounts and Their Influence in the Metal Recovery Rate with Hydrometallurgical Methods

et al. 2019

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Four pure hydrogenetic, mixed hydrogenetic-diagenetic and hydrogenetic-hydrothermal Fe-Mn Crusts from the Canary Islands Seamount Province have been studied by Micro X-Ray Diffraction, Raman and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy together with high resolution Electron Probe Micro Analyzer and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry in order to find the correlation of mineralogy and geochemistry with the three genetic processes and their influence in the metal recovery rate using an hydrometallurgical method. The main mineralogy and geochemistry affect the contents of the different critical metals, diagenetic influenced crusts show high Ni and Cu (up to 6 and 2 wt. %, respectively) (and less Co and REY) enriched in very bright laminae. Hydrogenetic crusts on the contrary show High Co and REY (up to 1 and 0.5 wt. %) with also high contents of Ni, Mo and V (average 2500, 600 and 1300 μg/g). Finally, the hydrothermal microlayers from crust 107-11H show their enrichment in Fe (up to 50 wt. %) and depletion in almost all the critical elements. One hydrometallurgical method has been used in Canary Islands Seamount Province crusts in order to quantify the recovery rate of valuable elements in all the studied crusts except the 107-11H, whose hydrothermal critical metals’ poor lamina were too thin to separate from the whole crust. Digestion treatment with hydrochloric acid and ethanol show a high recovery rate for Mn (between 75% and 81%) with respect to Fe (49% to 58%). The total recovery rate on valuable elements (Co, Ni, Cu, V, Mo and rare earth elements plus yttrium (REY)) for the studied crusts range between 67 and 92% with the best results for Co, Ni and V (up to 80%). The genetic process and the associated mineralogy seem to influence the recovery rate. Mixed diagenetic/hydrogenetic crust show the lower recovery rate for Mn (75%) and Ni (52.5%) both enriched in diagenetic minerals (respectively up to 40 wt. % and up to 6 wt. %). On the other hand, the presence of high contents of undigested Fe minerals (i.e., Mn-feroxyhyte) in hydrogenetic crusts give back low recovery rate for Co (63%) and Mo (42%). Finally, REY as by-product elements, are enriched in the hydrometallurgical solution with a recovery rate of 70–90% for all the studied crusts.

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Section: Bulk Analysis Vs High-resolution Analysissupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Cisp Crusts Composition and Metallurgic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrogenetic, Diagenetic and Hydrothermal Processes Forming Ferromanganese Crusts in the Canary Island Seamounts and Their Influence in the Metal Recovery Rate with Hydrometallurgical Methods

et al. 2019

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“…The mineralogy of the crusts is composed essentially by Fe-vernadite (more than 90%) and goethite group minerals. This mineralogy reflects the predominance of the hydrogenetic process during their formation, similar to ferromanganese crusts from the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans (e.g., [8,[69][70][71]). In addition, bulk geochemistry also supports the hydrogenetic origin of the crusts.…”

Section: Genesis Of Fe-mn Crusts Based On High-resolution Analysesmentioning

confidence: 71%

High-Resolution Analysis of Critical Minerals and Elements in Fe–Mn Crusts from the Canary Island Seamount Province (Atlantic Ocean)

et al. 2018

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Two Fe–Mn crusts among 35 samples, from six seamounts in the Canary Island Seamount Province, were selected as representatives of the endpoint members of two distinct types of genetic processes, i.e., mixed diagenetic/hydrogenetic and purely hydrogenetic. High-resolution analyses pursued the main aim of distinguishing the critical elements and their association with mineral phases and genetic processes forming a long-lived Fe–Mn crust. The Fe–Mn crust collected on the Tropic Seamount is composed of dense laminations of Fe-vernadite (>90%) and goethite group minerals, reflecting the predominance of the hydrogenetic process during their formation. Based on high-resolution age calculation, this purely hydrogenetic crust yielded an age of 99 Ma. The Fe–Mn crust collected on the Paps Seamount shows a typical botryoidal surface yielding an age of 30 Ma. electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) spot analyses show two main types of manganese oxides, indicating their origin: (i) hydrogenetic Fe-vernadite, the main Mn oxide, and (ii) laminations of interlayered buserite and asbolane. Additionally, the occurrence of calcite, authigenic carbonate fluor-apatite (CFA) and palygorskite suggests early diagenesis and pervasive phosphatization events. Sequential leaching analysis indicated that Co, Ni, Cu, Ba and Ce are linked to Mn minerals. Therefore, Mn-oxides are enriched in Ni and Cu by diagenetic processes or in Co and Ce by hydrogenetic processes. On the other hand, Fe-oxides concentrate V, Zn, As and Pb. Moreover, the evidence of HREE enrichment related to Fe-hydroxides is confirmed in the mixed hydrogenetic/diagenetic crust.

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“…To model the effect of a sediment component, we simulate metalliferous sediment using average Mn-Fe concentrations in hydrothermal crusts of the world oceans and in hydrothermal crusts of the northwestern Pacific (Anikeeva et al, 2003;Baturin et al, 2012;Usui and Someya, 1997), which are given as Av-1 and Av-2 in Baturin et al (2012). These compositions are also representative of ferromanganese crusts from the sea of Okhotsk (Baturin et al, 2012), as well as those from the East Pacific seafloor (Toth, 1980). We find that it requires the addition of ~10 to 20% of such a sediment to account for the Mn and Ni contents of the silicates.…”

Section: Silicate Inclusion Petrogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Diamonds from Dachine, French Guiana: A unique record of early Proterozoic subduction

Smith

Walter

Bulanova

et al. 2016

Lithos

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Diamonds from Dachine, French Guiana, are unique among worldwide diamond populations. The diamonds were transported to the surface in an unusual ultramafic extrusive magma with an affinity to boninite or komatiite, which was emplaced within an arc geological setting at ~ 2. These fluids may also trigger melting in wedge peridotite, resulting in a volatile-rich ultramafic melt that transports the diamonds rapidly to the surface. The process of diamond formation and exhumation from the slab mantle interface likely occurred in a Paleoproterozoic subduction zone and over a very limited timespan, likely less than a million years.

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Ferromanganese crusts from the Sea of Okhotsk

Cited by 25 publications

References 6 publications

Hydrogenetic, Diagenetic and Hydrothermal Processes Forming Ferromanganese Crusts in the Canary Island Seamounts and Their Influence in the Metal Recovery Rate with Hydrometallurgical Methods

Hydrogenetic, Diagenetic and Hydrothermal Processes Forming Ferromanganese Crusts in the Canary Island Seamounts and Their Influence in the Metal Recovery Rate with Hydrometallurgical Methods

High-Resolution Analysis of Critical Minerals and Elements in Fe–Mn Crusts from the Canary Island Seamount Province (Atlantic Ocean)

Diamonds from Dachine, French Guiana: A unique record of early Proterozoic subduction

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