“…5 were recorded using two illumination sources, a green laser emitting at 532 nm and a red laser emitting at 785 nm. The anatase phase shows six Raman active modes: 144 cm −1 (E g ), 197 cm −1 (E g ), 399 cm −1 (B 1g ), 519 cm −1 (A 1g +B 1g ) and 639 cm −1 (E g ) [37]. The rutile phase shows four active modes at: 143 cm −1 (B 1g ), 447 cm −1 (E g ), 612 cm −1 (A 1g ) and 826 cm −1 (B 2g ) [38].…”
SummaryTm-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized using a water-controlled hydrolysis reaction. Analysis was performed in order to determine the influence of the dopant concentration and annealing temperature on the phase, crystallinity, and electronic and optical properties of the resulting material. Various characterization techniques were utilized such as X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV–vis spectroscopy. For the samples annealed at 773 and 973 K, anatase phase TiO2 was obtained, predominantly internally doped with Tm3+. ICP–AES showed that a doping concentration of up to 5.8 atom % was obtained without reducing the crystallinity of the samples. The presence of Tm3+ was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV–vis spectroscopy: the incorporation of Tm3+ was confirmed by the generation of new absorption bands that could be assigned to Tm3+ transitions. Furthermore, when the samples were annealed at 1173 K, a pyrochlore phase (Tm2Ti2O7) mixed with TiO2 was obtained with a predominant rutile phase. The photodegradation of methylene blue showed that this pyrochlore phase enhanced the photocatalytic activity of the rutile phase.
“…5 were recorded using two illumination sources, a green laser emitting at 532 nm and a red laser emitting at 785 nm. The anatase phase shows six Raman active modes: 144 cm −1 (E g ), 197 cm −1 (E g ), 399 cm −1 (B 1g ), 519 cm −1 (A 1g +B 1g ) and 639 cm −1 (E g ) [37]. The rutile phase shows four active modes at: 143 cm −1 (B 1g ), 447 cm −1 (E g ), 612 cm −1 (A 1g ) and 826 cm −1 (B 2g ) [38].…”
SummaryTm-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized using a water-controlled hydrolysis reaction. Analysis was performed in order to determine the influence of the dopant concentration and annealing temperature on the phase, crystallinity, and electronic and optical properties of the resulting material. Various characterization techniques were utilized such as X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV–vis spectroscopy. For the samples annealed at 773 and 973 K, anatase phase TiO2 was obtained, predominantly internally doped with Tm3+. ICP–AES showed that a doping concentration of up to 5.8 atom % was obtained without reducing the crystallinity of the samples. The presence of Tm3+ was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV–vis spectroscopy: the incorporation of Tm3+ was confirmed by the generation of new absorption bands that could be assigned to Tm3+ transitions. Furthermore, when the samples were annealed at 1173 K, a pyrochlore phase (Tm2Ti2O7) mixed with TiO2 was obtained with a predominant rutile phase. The photodegradation of methylene blue showed that this pyrochlore phase enhanced the photocatalytic activity of the rutile phase.
“…For conventional DSSC, the mesoporous film consisted of nanocrystalline TiO 2 particles, enjoying the advantages of a large surface for greater dye adsorption and facilitating electrolyte diffusion within their pores [7][8][9][10][11][12]. The hydrothermal method provides an effective reaction environment for the synthesis of nanocrystalline TiO 2 with high purity and well-controlled crystallinity [13][14][15]. Therefore, we use the hydrothermal method to prepare TiO 2 thin films in this work.…”
The hydrothermal method provides an effective reaction environment for the synthesis of nanocrystalline materials with high purity and well-controlled crystallinity. In this work, we started with various sizes of commercial TiO 2 powders and used the hydrothermal method to prepare TiO 2 thin films. We found that the synthesized TiO 2 nanorods were thin and long when smaller TiO 2 particles were used, while larger TiO 2 particles produced thicker and shorter nanorods. We also found that TiO 2 films prepared by TiO 2 nanorods exhibited larger surface roughness than those prepared by the commercial TiO 2 particles. It was found that a pure anatase phase of TiO 2 nanorods can be obtained from the hydrothermal method. The dye-sensitized solar cells fabricated with TiO 2 nanorods exhibited a higher solar efficiency than those fabricated with commercial TiO 2 nanoparticles directly. Further, triple-layer structures of TiO 2 thin films with different particle sizes were investigated to improve the solar efficiency.
“…4 shows the Raman spectra of the samples. Anatase phase shows six Raman active modes at: 144 cm −1 (E g ), 197 cm −1 (E g ), 399 cm −1 (B 1g ), 519 cm − 1 (A 1g + B 1g ) and 639 cm − 1 (E g ) [30]. On the other hand, rutile phase shows four Raman active vibrational modes at: 143 cm −1 (B 1g ), 447 cm −1 (E g ), 612 cm −1 (A 1g ) and 826 cm −1 (B 2g ) [31].…”
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