Ferric Ammonium Citrate – What's in It?

Tenne, Dana; Bogoslavsky, Benny; Bino, Avi

doi:10.1002/ejic.201500782

Cited by 19 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…31 Therefore, the bulky size of AFC makes it impossible to diffuse into the small pore of ZIF-7, and AFC molecules only anchor onto the surface of ZIF-7. 32 The ion-exchange reaction between Zn 2+ and Fe 3+ ions was evaluated by theoretical calculations. 33 The doping energy of Fe 3+ from AFC and ionized Fe 3+ to the skeleton of 3D ZIF-7 is 1.32 eV and −2.43 eV, respectively (Figures S1 and S2 in the Supporting Information), suggesting that the metal-ion exchange between AFC and ZIF-7 could be excluded due to the strong interaction between citrate ions and Fe 3+ .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-Dimensional Mesoporous Carbon Doped with Fe–N Active Sites for Efficient Oxygen Reduction

Fan

et al. 2017

ACS Catal.

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Iron−nitrogen (Fe−N) sites confined within carbon are highly active to catalyze the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The mesoporous structure of carbon facilitates the mass transport and availability to the Fe−N sites during the ORR; however, the construction of mesoporous carbon architecture with highly exposed and accessible Fe−N active sites remains challenging. Herein, 3D-to-2D transformation of zeolitic imidazolate framework-7 (ZIF-7) was successfully achieved via convenient impregnation in ammonium ferric citrate aqueous solution. After pyrolysis, isolated Fe−N sites are generated and confined within highly mesoporous carbon without using any additional modulator or template. The optimal Fe−N catalyst exhibits excellent performance toward ORR in alkaline medium, exceeding commercial 40% Pt/ C catalyst in terms of activity, stability, and methanol resistance.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-Dimensional Mesoporous Carbon Doped with Fe–N Active Sites for Efficient Oxygen Reduction

Fan

et al. 2017

ACS Catal.

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“…To date, the crystal structures of five ferric citrate complexes are known in the literature (Fig. 2); these consist of one mononuclear species, [FeCitrate 2 ] 5− (complex 1 ) [45]; two dinuclear species, [Fe 2 Citrate 2 (H 2 O) 2 ] 2− (complex 2 ) and [Fe 2 (HCitrate) 3 ] 3− (complex 3 ) [46]; one nonanuclear species, [Fe 9 OCitrate 8 (H 2 O) 3 ] 7− (complex 4 ) [47]; and one trinuclear species, [Fe 3 Citrate 4 H] 6− (complex 5 ) [48]. Ferric citrate complex 2 appears to be particularly relevant to the physiologic interactions.…”

Section: Chemical Composition Of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredientmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Green-blue spheres represent iron atoms, red spheres represent oxygen atoms, and gray spheres represent carbon atoms. Cit citrate.Based on data from Matzapetakis et al [45]; Shweky et al [46]; Bino et al [47]; and Tenne et al [45–48]…”

Section: Chemical Composition Of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredientmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanism of Action and Clinical Attributes of Auryxia® (Ferric Citrate)

Ganz

Bino

Salusky

2019

Drugs

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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major cause of morbidity and premature mortality and represents a significant global public health issue. Underlying this burden are the many complications of CKD, including mineral and bone disorders, anemia, and accelerated cardiovascular disease. Hyperphosphatemia and elevated levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) have been identified as key independent risk factors for the adverse cardiovascular outcomes that frequently occur in patients with CKD. Auryxia ® (ferric citrate; Keryx Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., Boston, MA, USA) is an iron-based compound with distinctive chemical characteristics and a mechanism of action that render it dually effective as a therapy in patients with CKD; it has been approved as a phosphate binder for the control of serum phosphate levels in adult CKD patients treated with dialysis and as an iron replacement product for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia in adult CKD patients not treated with dialysis. This review focuses on Auryxia, its mechanism of action, and the clinical attributes that differentiate it from other, non-pharmaceutical-grade, commercially available forms of ferric citrate and from other commonly used phosphate binder and iron supplement therapies for patients with CKD. Consistent with the chemistry and mechanism of action of Auryxia, multiple clinical studies have demonstrated its efficacy in both lowering serum phosphate levels and improving iron parameters in patients with CKD. Levels of FGF23 decrease significantly with Auryxia treatment, but the effects associated with the cardiovascular system remain to be evaluated in longer-term studies.

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“…Our previous work has shown that iron encapsulated in liposomes can be absorbed effectively by intragastric administration [ 10 ], and nanoliposomes have been predicted to be even more efficient for carrying cargo across the BBB due to their optimized size, shape and surface coating [ 9 , 11 ]. Ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) is a water soluble iron chelate that has been used as an iron supplement [ 12 ]. However, FAC does not efficiently enter the brain due to the regulation of the iron uptake proteins in BBB [ 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nasal delivery of nanoliposome-encapsulated ferric ammonium citrate can increase the iron content of rat brain

et al. 2017

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BackgroundIron deficiency in children can have significant neurological consequences, and iron supplementation is an effective treatment of choice. However, traditional routes of iron supplementation do not allow efficient iron delivery to the brain due to the presence of the blood–brain barrier. So an easily delivered iron formulation with high absorption efficiency potentially could find widespread application in iron deficient infants.ResultsIn this study, we have developed and characterized a nanovesicular formulation of ferric ammonium citrate (ferric ammonium citrate nanoliposomes, FAC-LIP) and have shown that it can increase brain iron levels in rats following nasal administration. FAC was incorporated into liposomes with high efficiency (97%) and the liposomes were small (40 nm) and stable. Following intranasal delivery in rats, FAC-LIP significantly increased the iron content in the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, striatum, cerebellum and hippocampus, and was more efficient at doing so than FAC alone. No signs of apoptosis or abnormal cell morphology were observed in the brain following FAC-LIP administration, and there were no significant changes in the levels of SOD and MDA, except in the cerebellum and hippocampus. No obvious morphological changes were observed in lung epithelial cells or tracheal mucosa after nasal delivery, suggesting that the formulation was not overtly toxic.ConclusionsIn this study, nanoscale FAC-LIP proved an effective system delivering iron to the brain, with high encapsulation efficiency and low toxicity in rats. Our studies provide the foundation for more detailed investigations into the applications of niosomal nasal delivery of liposomal formulations of iron as a simple and safe therapy for iron deficiency anemia.Graphical abstractThe diagrammatic sketch of “Nasal delivery of nanoliposome-encapsulated ferric ammonium citrate can increase the iron content of rat brain”. Nanoliposome-encapsulated ferric ammonium citrate (FAC-LIP) was successfully prepared and intranasal administration of FAC-LIP increased both the total iron contents and iron storage protein (FTL) expression in rat olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, striatum and hippocampus, compared with those of FAC groups. Moreover, there was not overtly toxic affects to brain, lung epithelial cells and tracheal mucosa. Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-017-0277-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Ferric Ammonium Citrate – What's in It?

Cited by 19 publications

References 21 publications

Two-Dimensional Mesoporous Carbon Doped with Fe–N Active Sites for Efficient Oxygen Reduction

Two-Dimensional Mesoporous Carbon Doped with Fe–N Active Sites for Efficient Oxygen Reduction

Mechanism of Action and Clinical Attributes of Auryxia® (Ferric Citrate)

Nasal delivery of nanoliposome-encapsulated ferric ammonium citrate can increase the iron content of rat brain

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