Ferns, mosses and liverworts as model systems for light‐mediated chloroplast movements

Abstract

Light-induced chloroplast movement is found in most plant species, including algae and land plants. In land plants with multiple small chloroplasts, under weak light conditions, the chloroplasts move towards the light and accumulate on the periclinal cell walls to efficiently perceive light for photosynthesis (the accumulation response). Under strong light conditions, chloroplasts escape from light to avoid photodamage (the avoidance response). In most plant species, blue light induces chloroplast movement, and phototropin receptor kinases are the blue light receptors. Molecular mechanisms for photoreceptors, signal transduction and chloroplast motility systems are being studied using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. However, to further understand the molecular mechanisms and evolutionary history of chloroplast movement in green plants, analyses using other plant systems are required. Here, we review recent works on chloroplast movement in green algae, liverwort, mosses and ferns that provide new insights on chloroplast movement.

Characterization of Maize miRNAs in Response to Synergistic Infection of Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus and Sugarcane Mosaic Virus

“…The accumulations of miR397, miR408, and miR528 increased in SCMV-infected maize plants, of which miR397 plays regulatory roles in rice yield, lignin biosynthesis in wood formation, and symbiotic nitrogen fixation [40,41,42]; miR408 targets copper-containing proteins and responds to various abiotic stresses, Plantacyanin regulation, and stripe rust [43,44,45]; and miR528 is involved in multiple stress responses [46,47,48], including RSV infection in rice [49]. After virus infections, miR529 and miRn-43 were up-regulated, of which miR529 is evolutionarily related to miR156 and regulates bract development and the establishment of meristem boundaries in maize [50], and miRn-43 targets a Kinesin-like protein KIN-7K (chloroplast) that is very important for the generation and/or the maintenance of cp-actin filaments involved in chloroplast movement and positioning [51]. The accumulations of miRn-07, miRn-08, miRn-17, miRn-34, and miRn-45 were induced in SCMV- and S + M-inoculated maize plants, while the function of these novel miRNAs needs to be further investigated.…”

Extending Fluspect to simulate xanthophyll driven leaf reflectance dynamics

“…Some of these effects vary greatly with changing leaf anatomy, among species or with plant functional types. Such an example are chloroplast movements (Brugnoli and Björkman, 1992;Königer and Bollinger, 2012;Suetsugu et al, 2017), and lutein epoxide cycle (García-Plazaola et al, 2007). Contrary to these photoprotective plant mechanisms, the xanthophyll cycle is known to be present in all plant-like eukaryotes, from algae to higher plants (Niyogi et al, 1998).…”

PGR5/PGRL1 and NDH Mediate Far-Red Light-Induced Photoprotection in Response to Chilling Stress in Tomato

“…To perceive the light quality signals, plants have developed a set of sophisticated photoreceptors, including phytochromes (PHY), which respond to red (R) and far-red (FR) light; blue light-activated phototropins (PHOT), cryptochromes (CRY), Zeitlupe family proteins; and the ultraviolet B (UVB) photoreceptor UV Resistance locus 8 (UVR8; Möglich et al, 2010). It has been reported that light quality signals regulate chloroplast avoidance movement to reduce photodamage in plants through PHY and PHOT, and/or neochromes (Jarillo et al, 2001;Kagawa et al, 2001;Kasahara et al, 2002;Suetsugu et al, 2005Suetsugu et al, , 2017Jaedicke et al, 2012). When UV or short-wavelength green and blue lights increase, plants produce phenolics or flavonoids to scavenge ROS and reduce photodamage (Cruces et al, 2017;Liu et al, 2018).…”