“…The second harmonic is extracted by fitting and subtracting from the data an unconstrained sum of four low frequencies (F < 700T), similar to those earlier reported in references 6,7,9,10, and a slowly varying aperiodic background (fit procedure shown in Methods). From the analysis of the measured second harmonic oscillations, we present the surprising finding that the harmonic content in underdoped YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6 + x (x = 0.56) arises from oscillations of the chemical potential, which are enhanced compared to normal metals by the quasi-two-dimensional topology of the Fermi surface 17,[21][22][23][24] . Oscillatory features corresponding to multiple frequencies in 1/B previously reported 3,6,7,9 are observed: (F α = 535(5) T, F γ1 = 440(10) T, F γ2 = 610(20) T) down to 22 T, and F β = 1,550(50) T at the lowest temperatures 1 K (to be presented elsewhere); yet, we conclude, from the magnitude and phase of the second harmonic with respect to the fundamental oscillations, that the Fermi surface consists chiefly of a single carrier pocket, the multiple frequency components arising from effects of finite c-axis dispersion, bilayer splitting, and magnetic breakdown.…”