Fermented soybean meal modified the rumen microbiome to enhance the yield of milk components in Holstein cows

Effect of Fermented Concentrate on Ruminal Fermentation, Ruminal and Fecal Microbiome, and Growth Performance of Beef Cattle

“…The acetate to propionate ratio (AP) ratio was significantly higher in the TRT group than that in the CON group (p < 0.05). In accordance with our research findings, a study that fed fermented soybean meal to Holstein cows also reported an increase in the acetate percentage, pH, and AP ratio in the rumen fluid [39]. Conversely, in another study, Holsteins fed fermented soybean meal showed no changes in the ruminal pH and an increase in the AP ratio [40].…”

“…Conversely, in another study, Holsteins fed fermented soybean meal showed no changes in the ruminal pH and an increase in the AP ratio [40]. In light of our research results, the higher rumen pH and elevated AP ratio observed in the TRT group may be correlated, aligning with the findings of Amin [39] and Russell [41]. In the context of beef cattle experiencing a rapid increase in BW and marbling score just before slaughter due to excessive concentrate feeding, a sharp decline in rumen pH can lead to an increased risk of acidosis.…”

Effects of raw and fermented rapeseed cake on ruminal fermentation, methane emission, and milk production in lactating dairy cows

“…Some studies also reported that isothiocyanates altered ruminal fermentation characteristics and decreased CH 4 ( Lila et al, 2003 , Soliva et al, 2011 ) and this could be attributed to a direct effect on methanogens or a consequence of promoting propionate formation known to decrease CH 4 production by competing for ruminal hydrogen utilization ( Moss et al, 2000 ). A trial conducted by Amin et al (2022) showed an increase in milk yield, protein, and fat yields with the inclusion of fermented soybean meal in Holstein cows’ diet and in the same study, fermented soybean meal also increased the acetate percentage and the acetate to propionate ratio. Our hypothesis was that substituting FRC produced through SSF with RC in dairy cows’ diets may increase nutrient digestibility, positively modulate ruminal fermentation, mitigate CH 4 formation, and improve milk production.…”

Mechanism of action, benefits, and research gap in fermented soybean meal utilization as a high-quality protein source for livestock and poultry

“…(2009) Lactobacillus spp ., B. subtilis , and Saccharomyces cerevisae NS NS Total replacement (5.55% FSBM inclusion) Lactating dairy cows Increased propionate and valerate levels Increased ruminal total bacteria, Fibrobacter succinogenes , Selenomonas ruminantium , and Prevotella species Enriched Succiniclasticum ruminis and Saccharofermentans acetigenes population Wang et al., 2021a , Wang et al., 2021b A. oryzae NS NS Total replacement (13.36% FSBM inclusion) Salmonella typhimurium LPS-induced neonatal calves No effect on growth performance and milk intake Alleviated weaning stress and enhanced immune status by Increased LPS-specific blood IgG and IgA Increased serum haptoglobin level Lowered cortisol concentration Kwon et al. (2011) NS NS NS Total replacement Cows Increased milk urea nitrogen, milk protein yield, fat-corrected milk, and milk fat yield Decreased milk somatic cell count Increased percentage of acetate and A:P ratio, elevated rumen pH An increased population of phyla Fibrobacterota and Spirochaetota and lowered Proteobacteria Upregulated AA biosynthesis functional genes Amin et al. (2022) A. oryzae NS NS 5% FSBM inclusion replaced 5% SBM in the 15.43% SBM of calf starter diet Neonatal calves No effect on calves' growth performance Alleviated diarrhea incidence and severity Promoted immune-related serum proteins, like antigen-specific IgA and haptoglobin, against microbial infection Kim et al., 2010a , Kim et al., 2010b B. subtilis 10,000 cfu/g of SBM 48 h 9%–13.5% FSBM inclusion replaced 33%-50% SBM Calves …”