Fermented Sipjeondaebo-tang Alleviates Memory Deficits and Loss of Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Scopolamine-induced Amnesia in Mice

Abstract

We investigated the anti-amnesic effects of SJ and fermented SJ (FSJ) on scopolamine (SCO)-induced amnesia mouse model. Mice were orally co-treated with SJ or FSJ (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) and SCO (1 mg/kg), which was injected intraperitoneally for 14 days. SCO decreased the step-through latency and prolonged latency time to find the hidden platform in the passive avoidance test and Morris water maze test, respectively, and both SCO effects were ameliorated by FSJ treatment. FSJ was discovered to promote hippocampal neurogenesis during SCO treatment by increasing proliferation and survival of BrdU-positive cells, immature/mature neurons. In the hippocampus of SCO, oxidative stress and the activity of acetylcholinesterase were elevated, whereas the levels of acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase were diminished; however, all of these alterations were attenuated by FSJ-treatment. The alterations in brain-derived neurotrophic factor, phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein, and phosphorylated Akt that occurred following SCO treatment were protected by FSJ administration. Therefore, our findings are the first to suggest that FSJ may be a promising therapeutic drug for the treatment of amnesia and aging-related or neurodegenerative disease-related memory impairment. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism by which FSJ exerts its effects may involve modulation of the cholinergic system and BDNF/CREB/Akt pathway.

DL0410 Ameliorates Memory and Cognitive Impairments Induced by Scopolamine via Increasing Cholinergic Neurotransmission in Mice

“…This assay was conducted in a 96-well plate, and each reaction contained a 100 μL sample, 50 μM acetylcholine, 200 μM Amplex Red reagent, 0.1 U/mL choline oxidase, and 1 U/mL horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in reaction buffer. The reaction systems were incubated at room temperature for 20 min with protection from light, and then fluorescence intensity was measured at the excitation wavelength of 560 nm and the emission wavelength of 580 nm [ 45 ].…”

A Review of Fermented Foods with Beneficial Effects on Brain and Cognitive Function

“…Fermented Bozhougyiqi-tang (78), Gumiganghwal-tang (79,80), and Hwangryunhaedok-tang (81) showed more potent protective activities against glutamate-stimulated cell death in HT22 cells than the unfermented prescription. Moreover, several studies in scopolamine-treated mice reported that fermented Sipjeondaebo-tang (82), Bozhougyiqi-tang (78), and Gumiganghwal-tang (79,80) significantly ameliorated amnesic behaviors possibly through AChE inhibition. These results suggest that fermentation might improve the pharmacological activities of traditional oriental medicines.…”

Comparative Studies on Behavioral, Cognitive and Biomolecular Profiling of ICR, C57BL/6 and Its Sub-Strains Suitable for Scopolamine-Induced Amnesic Models

“…In this study, we compared the commonly used inbred C57BL/6 mouse strain with the outbred ICR mouse strain to rationalize the effect of genetic variation. While abundant scientific research has used the C57BL/6 mouse strain as a general model for neurodegenerative disorders [ 16 , 17 , 18 ], continued breeding eventually results in the development of two genetically-distinct sub-strains: the C57BL/6J (Jackson Laboratory) and the C57BL/6N (National Institute of Health). Thus, we extended our study to compare these two sub-strains in order to obtain a clearer picture of behavioral and cognitive stability.…”