Fermented Saccharina japonica (Phaeophyta) improves neuritogenic activity and TMT-induced cognitive deficits in rats

Abstract

Marine organisms are frequently used to be harmful and have lower side effects than synthetic drugs. The cognitive improving efficacy of gamma aminobutyric acid-enriched fermented Saccharina japonica (FSJ) on the memory deficient rats, which were induced by trimethyltin chloride (TMT), was investigated by assessing the Morris water maze test and by performing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) immunohistochemistry. The neurite outgrowth of Neuro2a cells was assessed in order to examine the underlying mechanisms of the memory enhancing effects of FSJ. Treatment with FSJ tended to shorten the latency to find the platform in the acquisition test of the Morris water maze at the second and fourth day compared to the control group. In the probe trial, the FSJ treated group increased time spent in the target quadrant, compared to that of the control group. Consistent with the behavioral data, these treatments recovered the loss of ChAT, CREB, and BDNF immunepositive neurons in the hippocampus produced by TMT. Treatment with FSJ markedly stimulated neurite outgrowth of the Neuro2a cells as compared to that of the controls. These findings demonstrate that FSJ may be useful for improving the cognitive function via regulation of neurotrophic marker enzyme activity.

Comparison of the cultivation performance between Korean (Sugwawon No. 301) and Chinese strains (Huangguan No. 1) of kelp Saccharina japonica in an aquaculture farm in Korea

“…Saccharina japonica (Areschoug) C. E. Lane, C. Mayes, Druehl & G. W. Saunders is one of the most economically and ecologically important seaweeds in Korea, China, and Japan (Kim et al 2005, 2017, Park and Hwang 2012, Liu et al 2014. S. japonica is used as a food for humans as well as in aquaculture species, fertilizer, and raw material for alginic acid, mannitol and iodine extraction (Liu et al 2012, Park et al 2016. The history of S. japonica cultiva-tion of both Korea and China began with the introducing mature thalli from Japan.…”

GABA-enriched fermented Laminaria japonica improves cognitive impairment and neuroplasticity in scopolamine- and ethanol-induced dementia model mice

“…Alanine was also increased after fermentation. 50 mg/kg was the chosen dosage based on evidence corroborating its effectiveness in improving cognitive function, compared to 100 and 200 mg/kg [ 14 ].…”

“…Higher serum BDNF levels were also associated with lower risk for dementia and AD in a ten-year prospective cohort study in 60 + -year-olds [ 13 ]. Park et al [ 14 ] investigated the cognitive improving efficacy of Saccharina japonica (also known as Laminaria japonica) in response to trimethyltin chloride-induced memory deficiency and reported recovered choline acetyltransferase, cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and BDNF immunopositive neurons in the hippocampus. Considering the recent findings revealing potential neurogenic improvements as a result of FL supplementation, it is feasible to suggest a role for dietary intervention in providing a protective effect on the brain in neurodegenerative conditions.…”

Ginsenoside Rd as a potential neuroprotective agent prevents trimethyltin injury

“…The molecular pathogenesis of TMT intoxication is hypothesized to be a complex event. Different theories have been proposed to explain the underlying mechanism of the neurotoxic action of TMT, including glutamate excitotoxicity, intracellular calcium overload and impairment of neurotransmission (6,7), along with oxidative stress (8,9). Although the underlying cellular mechanisms remain unknown, TMT undoubtedly causes profound behavioral changes, and affects learning and memory ability in exposed mammals, as indicated by poor performances in the water maze test, Y-maze test and passive avoidance test.…”