Fermented Citrus Lemon Reduces Liver Injury Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride in Rats

Abstract

Fermented lemon juice displays a variety of important biological activities, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capabilities. The aim of the present study is to investigate hepatic-protective effects of no-sugar-added fermented lemon juice (FLJ) for liver inflammation caused by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rats. Rats are divided into six groups: H2O, CCl4 + H2O, CCl4 + silymarin, and CCl4 plus three different FLJ doses by oral administration, respectively. The results show that the contents of plasma ALT and AST, hepatic lipid peroxidation, splenomegaly, and liver water are reduced significantly in rats under FLJ treatment, and pathological examination of liver fibrosis is improved. The reduced hepatic injury by increasing liver soluble protein and glutathione and albumin is observed in FLJ treated groups, and FLJ has comparable efficacies to medicine silymarin in liver therapies. The no-sugar-added FLJ differs from traditional fermentation by adding lots of sugar and prevents any hidden sugar intake while taking it as a complimentary treatment for liver inflammation. The green color and the taste of sourness are both associated with treating and healing the liver based on the five-element theory in traditional Chinese medicine, and the green and sour FLJ may be applied to the ancient theory in preventing hepatic injury accordingly.

Hepatoprotective activity of raspberry ketone is mediated via inhibition of the NF-κB/TNF-α/caspase axis and mitochondrial apoptosis in chemically induced acute liver injury

“…CCl 4 -induced hepatic damage was further confirmed by histopathological examination which showed degenerative changes and massive necrosis. Our results are consistent with those of Chen et al 35 and Abdelhafez et al 38,39 Biological systems aim to protect themselves against oxidative injury with several antioxidants which include free radical scavenging molecules, e.g. GSH, and antioxidant enzymes, e.g.…”

“…SOD. 38 GSH is one of the key protectors of the hepatocytes and its homeostasis is associated with various toxin-induced liver injuries. GSH plays an important role against CCl 4 -induced injury by covalently binding to CCl 3…”

Suaeda vermiculata Aqueous-Ethanolic Extract-Based Mitigation of CCl4-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats, and HepG-2 and HepG-2/ADR Cell-Lines-Based Cytotoxicity Evaluations

“…The free-radical scavenging potential and the inter-linked antioxidant components in the plant extract reportedly played a critical role in hepatotoxicity which was mediated by the actions of free-radicals on hepatocytes leading to cell necrosis [ 81 ]. In this connection, the Suaeda vermiculata aq.-ethanolic extract also showed free-radical inhibition properties, and the data reported in this study is following previously published reports demonstrating the hepatoprotective effects in CCl 4 -induced extensive liver damage models by the aq.-ethanolic extract containing antioxidant compounds as part of the mother liquor obtained from the plant [ 56 , 57 , 58 , 66 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 ].…”

Ethanolic extract of Mucuna pruriens ameliorates carbon tetrachloride and rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in wistar albino rat

“…In the present study, there was a surge in serum level of ALT, AST and ALP following exposure to rifampicin and CCl 4 . This indicated toxicant-induced hepatocellular damage [45]. Studies have shown that rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity involves the activation of pregnane X receptor (PXR).…”