Fermentation of Abelmoschus manihot Extract with Halophilic Bacillus licheniformis CP6 Results in Enhanced Anti-Inflammatory Activities

Abstract

Microbial fermentation provides a valorization strategy, through biotransformation, to convert plant-derived raw materials into health-promoting agents. In this study, we have investigated the antioxidative activity of Abelmoschus manihot fermented with various Bacillaceae strains from specific environments and demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effects of Bacillus licheniformis CP6 fermented A. manihot extract (FAME) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Raw264.7 macrophages. Of 1500 bacteria isolated from various specific environments, 47 extracellular protease- and amylase-producing strains with qualified presumption safety status, belonging to the family Bacillaceae, were selected for A. manihot fermentation. Among them, strain CP6, a halophilic bacterium isolated from Tongyeong seawater in Korea and identified as B. licheniformis, showed the highest antioxidant activity. In particular, FAME exerted anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-stimulated Raw264.7 macrophages. Consequently, FAME had a potent inhibitory effect on nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated macrophages, without cytotoxicity. Moreover, FAME downregulated LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediator and enzyme levels in LPS-induced Raw264.7 cells, including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, and COX-2, compared to levels when cells were incubated in A. manihot extract (IAME). Further detailed characterization indicated that FAME suppresses inflammation by blocking NF-κB via IKK phosphorylation inhibition and IκB-α degradation and by downregulating NO production, and inflammatory mediators also decreased NF-κB translocation. Furthermore, FAME inhibited LPS-stimulated activation of MAPKs, including ERK1/2, JNK, and p38, compared to that with either IAME. Therefore, we suggest that FAME could be used for inflammation-related disorders.

Vitamin K2 (MK-7) attenuates LPS-induced acute lung injury via inhibiting inflammation, apoptosis, and ferroptosis

“…The results of the content of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) in the serum were shown in MAPK is a common signaling pathway in the LPS-induced inflammatory response [21]. The effect of VK2 on MAPK signaling was assessed by measuring the phosphorylation of p38 and the expression of upstream protein (TLR4).…”

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl. Leaf Extract Fermented by Ganoderma applanatum Mycelia

“…Recent research has focused on improving the physiological activities of materials through fermentation using microorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria and fungi [ 18 , 19 ]. It has been reported that materials converted through bioconversion technology have improved antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects compared to existing materials [ 20 , 21 ]. Previous studies have shown that Ganoderma lucidum , a fungus belonging to the Ganodermataceae, enhanced anti-inflammatory effects in a model of atopic dermatitis through bioconversion [ 22 ].…”

Bacillus licheniformis-based intensive fermentation of Tibetan tea improved its bioactive compounds and reinforced the intestinal barrier in mice

“…Furthermore, microbial fermentation can enhance the biological characteristics of raw materials and improve the beneficial health benefits of natural plant products through biotransformation. Using probiotics to ferment plants can improve the edible value and flavor of raw materials and enhance their beneficial characteristics (Yong et al, 2019 ; Park et al, 2023 ). The pile-fermentation process of Tibetan tea is characterized by high-temperature solid-state fermentation, during which thermophilic microorganisms promote the transformation of compounds in the tea leaves (Li et al, 2018 ).…”