Fer cryin' out loud ? There is a sex difference

Lombardo, William K.; Cretser, Gary A.; Lombardo, Barbara; Mathis, Sharon L.

doi:10.1007/bf00290058

Cited by 60 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Contrary to some previous studies (De Fruyt, 1997;Lombardo et al, 1983;Schlosser, 1986) our data do not suggest that there is a certain subgroup of people who in particular perceive or experience weeping as a useful way to achieve relief and relaxation. It is dif®cult to explain why we failed to replicate these previous ®ndings, since these studies differ in terms of sample characteristics, applied methodology, and assessment issues.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Personality, gender, and crying

2001

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This study examined gender differences in crying as well as associations between basic personality traits and self-reported indices of crying. Forty-eight men and 56 women completed the Five-Factor Personality Inventory and the Adult Crying Inventory. Substantial gender differences were demonstrated in crying frequency and crying proneness, but not with respect to mood changes after crying. As predicted, women reported a higher frequency of crying and more proneness to cry both for negative and positive reasons. For women, all these crying indices were negatively associated with Emotional Stability. For men, only a signi®cant negative relationship between Emotional Stability and crying for negative reasons emerged. No clear links were found between personality and mood changes after crying. Multiple regression analysis revealed a signi®cant predictive role of gender for crying proneness, even when controlling for personality differences, but not for crying frequency. Adding personality by gender interaction terms resulted in a disappearance of the main effect of sex, while signi®cant interactions with personality factors showed up for crying frequency and general crying proneness. It is suggested that future research on the relationship between personality and crying should focus more on the underlying mechanisms of observed relationships. Furthermore, it is recommended that future research should examine the role of different emotion regulation strategies. In addition, biological factors, temperament, upbringing measures, and socio-demographic variables should be taken into account.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Personality, gender, and crying

2001

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“…During the second stage, we used documentation in real time and not reports from memory. This differs from the method reported by Williams and Morris [20] who claimed that self-reporting about NC is the most convenient and practical source of information, since most adults cry infrequently [16,21], crying tends to occur more often when people are alone [18], and crying does not extend beyond a few tears [19]. The above circumstances did not exist in our study regarding UC.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 54%

“…These studies have examined situations, where crying in adults was most frequent [17][18][19]. The crying frequency has been studied in different situations, finding that women cry more frequently than men and that the frequency of crying alone is higher than that of crying in the presence of others [16,20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncontrolled Crying: Characteristics and Differences from Normative Crying

Grinblat

Grinblat²,

Grinblat³

2004

Gerontology

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Background: Uncontrolled crying (UC) is a prevalent poststroke phenomenon of elderly patients, socially disabling and interfering with rehabilitation. There are many differences in opinions and nonclarity in the literature relating to UC. Objective: To examine two basic questions regarding UC that have as yet not been experimentally studied: typical situations where UC occurs and how UC differs from normative crying (NC). Methods: Crying episodes of elderly patients suffering from poststroke UC were documented. From 235 crying documented episodes, instructions for further follow-up documentation were received. According to these instructions, 1,098 crying episodes were documented. Using the ‘truncated pyramid’ model developed during this study, 47 crying situations typical of poststroke UC processed into seven categories were identified. Based on these findings, we compared UC and NC. Results: UC and NC were found to differ in all tested variables: crying situations, content areas of crying situations, crying frequency, crying frequency of men as compared with that of women, and crying frequency when alone as compared with the crying frequency in the presence of others. Conclusions: UC should be approached as an entity totally different from NC within a wide range of variables. The study’s findings assist in understanding UC, the reasons for its disabling effect, and the need for exploring ways to aid elderly patients suffering from poststroke UC. The situations typical of UC and their categories found in this study may serve as additional clinical and research means for these purposes.

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“…The assumption is that tears may persuade others to change their behavior in line with the goals of the angry, crying person. Whether it is a deliberate strategy or an actual reflection of powerlessness, crying is reported as an ingredient of women's anger reaction that is notably absent in men's anger expressions (Eagly and Steffen 1986;Frost and Averill 1982;Lombardo et al 1983;Timmers et al 1998).…”

Section: Gender Differences In Angermentioning

confidence: 96%

The Social Costs and Benefits of Anger as a Function of Gender and Relationship Context

Fischer

Evers

2011

Sex Roles

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On the basis of Social Role Theory and a social functional view of emotions, we argue that gender differences in anger experiences and expression are related to men's and women's relationship context. We hypothesized that women in traditional relationship contexts would express their anger less directly, and would suppress their anger more, due to expected negative social appraisals. We compared anger reactions to a conflict situation in a traditional and egalitarian relationship context. Eighty-two Dutch adult participants (43 women and 39 men) were recruited partly by students in a psychology class, and partly by a snowball method. They were invited to participate only if they had a steady relationship of minimally one year. The results show that women report more intense subjective anger in both contexts, but that the expression of anger differed with relationship context. In traditional relationships women tend to suppress their anger more than men, while men report to express their anger directly more than women. This difference in anger expression was mediated by negative social appraisals. In egalitarian relationships, this difference was not found.

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Fer cryin' out loud ? There is a sex difference

Cited by 60 publications

References 6 publications

Personality, gender, and crying

Personality, gender, and crying

Uncontrolled Crying: Characteristics and Differences from Normative Crying

The Social Costs and Benefits of Anger as a Function of Gender and Relationship Context

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