“…11 There is limited empirical data for glove performance for protecting against illicit opioid exposure, with only one study from NIOSH evaluating the permeation of fentanyl and carfentanil through commercially available disposable vinyl, latex, and nitrile gloves. e, 24 Researchers adapted the ASTM International D6978-19 standard for chemotherapy drug glove permeation to test fentanyl hydrochloride and carfentanil hydrochloride solution permeation through multiple disposable glove models, including models in which the manufacturers claim that their gloves offer fentanyl protection. No nitrile glove models showed fentanyl or carfentanil permeation rates above the chemotherapy drug threshold criterion of 0.01 lg/cm 2 /min, thereby meeting the minimum performance requirement.…”
The nationwide opioid crisis continues to affect not only people who use opioids but also communities at large by increasing the risk of accidental occupational exposure to illicit opioids. In addition, the emergence of highly potent synthetic opioids such as fentanyl and carfentanil increases the need to protect workers who may encounter unknown drug substances during job activities. To support the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Opioids Research Gaps Working Group, we examined the state of the literature concerning methods to protect workers against accidental occupational exposure to illicit opioids, and have identified unmet research needs concerning personal protective equipment, decontamination methods, and engineering controls. Additional studies are needed to overcome gaps in technical knowledge about personal protective equipment, decontamination, and control methods, and gaps in understanding how these measures are utilized by workers. Increasing our knowledge of how to protect against exposure to illicit opioids has the potential to improve occupational health across communities.
“…11 There is limited empirical data for glove performance for protecting against illicit opioid exposure, with only one study from NIOSH evaluating the permeation of fentanyl and carfentanil through commercially available disposable vinyl, latex, and nitrile gloves. e, 24 Researchers adapted the ASTM International D6978-19 standard for chemotherapy drug glove permeation to test fentanyl hydrochloride and carfentanil hydrochloride solution permeation through multiple disposable glove models, including models in which the manufacturers claim that their gloves offer fentanyl protection. No nitrile glove models showed fentanyl or carfentanil permeation rates above the chemotherapy drug threshold criterion of 0.01 lg/cm 2 /min, thereby meeting the minimum performance requirement.…”
The nationwide opioid crisis continues to affect not only people who use opioids but also communities at large by increasing the risk of accidental occupational exposure to illicit opioids. In addition, the emergence of highly potent synthetic opioids such as fentanyl and carfentanil increases the need to protect workers who may encounter unknown drug substances during job activities. To support the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Opioids Research Gaps Working Group, we examined the state of the literature concerning methods to protect workers against accidental occupational exposure to illicit opioids, and have identified unmet research needs concerning personal protective equipment, decontamination methods, and engineering controls. Additional studies are needed to overcome gaps in technical knowledge about personal protective equipment, decontamination, and control methods, and gaps in understanding how these measures are utilized by workers. Increasing our knowledge of how to protect against exposure to illicit opioids has the potential to improve occupational health across communities.
“…119 The availability of naloxone is also essential, although higher doses may be necessary for cases in which carfentanil is suspected. 120 Although gloves are also thought to offer some protection against carfentanil and other fentanyl derivatives, 119 choice of material is important; a recent study 121 indicated that vinyl and latex gloves were less effective than nitrile against permeation by a solution of carfentanil hydrochloride.…”
Because of its remarkable potency and relative ease of synthesis, carfentanil (1) has recently emerged as a problematic contaminant in other drugs of abuse. Carfentanil and its close analogues, currently approved only for large animal veterinary medicine, have found use both as illicit additives to the clandestine manufacture of scheduled drugs and as chemical weapons. In this Review, the background, synthesis, manufacture, metabolism, pharmacology, approved indications, dosage, and adverse effects of carfentanil will be discussed along with its emergence as a key player in the ongoing opioid crisis.
“…The raw materials that are used for its production are namely nitrile, vinyl, polyethylene, polyisoprene as well as latex ( Fig. 4 ) ( De-la-Torre and Aragaw, 2021 ; Greenawald et al, 2020 ; Witzig et al, 2020 ). Fig.…”
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