Fenologia dos Braconidae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonoidea) da Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) de Descalvado, SP

Abstract

ABSTRACT. Phenology of the Braconidae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonoidea) at Área de Proteção Ambiental of Descalvado, São Paulo State. The flight phenology of the Braconidae fauna was conducted using Malaise traps in five sites of the Environmental Protected Area of Descalvado. A total of 2,792 specimens, representing 22 subfamilies, was sampled throughout a period of sixteen months from May, 1999 to August, 2000. The traps catches for koinobionts peak was in August, 1999 a month before of the idiobionts peak and in June, 2000 both peaks were simultaneous. The phenological peaks of dominant koinobiont taxa (Microgastrinae) were similar to all koinobionts, and the peaks of dominant idiobiont taxa (Doryctinae) were similar to all idiobionts, as well. December, 1999 and February, 2000 were the richer months in number of subfamilies (N= 19 and 18, respectivaly), corresponding to the same period when the subfamilies which potentially attack Lepidoptera where collected. The number of females was superior to the number of males and this relation was more accentuated in koinobionts. The peaks of both females and males were similar to dominate koinobiont and idiobionte taxa. KEYWORDS.Braconidae; Brazil; flight fenology, fragmentary natural environments, parasitoid. INTRODUÇÃOOs Braconidae são parasitóides que constituem, depois dos Ichneumonidae, a família mais numerosa, com cerca de 40.000 espécies (ACHTERBERG 1988). São insetos pequenos e ativos que, como os demais parasitóides, apresentam estágios larvais que se desenvolvem sobre ou no interior de outros artrópodos, geralmente insetos. Apresentam grau variável de especificidade de hospedeiro sendo que a maioria de suas espécies ataca insetos fitófagos principalmente Lepidoptera, Diptera ou Coleoptera. Algumas espécies atacam ovos, pupas e até mesmo adultos de seus hospedeiros. O hiperparasitismo é extremamente raro. As formas adultas são de vida livre e alimentam-se de fluidos vegetais (mel e pólen), nutrientes absorvidos, principalmente na fase imatura (JERVIS et al. 1993), ou ingerem hemolinfa quando da oviposição. Entretanto, o desenvolvimento larval resulta na morte do hospedeiro (GODFRAY 1994).Entre os Braconidae, os idiobiontes não permitem que seus hospedeiros se desenvolvam depois de parasitados; os coinobiontes, por sua vez, o fazem até que eles atinjam tamanho e estágios predeterminados (ASKEW & SHAW 1986). Os idiobiontes utilizam como hospedeiros larvas de últimos instares, pré-pupas ou pupas principalmente de Lepidoptera, Diptera ou Coleoptera que geralmente estão em locais ocultos. A fêmea idiobionte precisa localizar e ter acesso a eles e, para isso, utiliza o ovipositor que geralmente é adaptado para a perfuração do substrato no qual o hospedeiro está abrigado. As fêmeas usualmente injetam veneno que matam ou, às vezes, os paralisam antes da oviposição propriamente dita. As larvas idiobiontes podem se desenvolver sobre diversos tipos de hospedeiros encontrados em determinado substrato, sendo portanto, consideradas generalistas e, a grande maioria, ectoparas...

Braconidae (Hymenoptera) fauna in native, degraded and restoration areas of the Vale do Paraíba, São Paulo state, Brazil

“…In turn, the observed data differ from those reported by Cirelli and Penteado-Dias (2003), examining the phenology of the Braconidae caught in Malaise traps in a cerrado (= Brazilian savanna) area of Descalvado, São Paulo state, Brazil, recording the highest frequencies of occurrence in June and August (winter) and September (early spring).…”

Diversity of Braconidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera) of the Parque Natural Municipal de Porto Velho, Rondonia, Brazil

“…The number of subfamilies, genera, and also the wasp abundance, collected is lower than the average found in the literature in other Brazilian regions, mostly in the South and Southeast (Scatolini & Penteado-Dias 2003, Cirelli & Penteado-Dias 2003, Restello & Penteado-Dias 2006. Moreover, only 38% of the genera in the present work are common within those collected by Cirelli & Penteado-Dias (2003) and Sigalphinae was the only subfamily not collected by Penteado-Dias in previous studies mentioned above.…”

“…Moreover, only 38% of the genera in the present work are common within those collected by Cirelli & Penteado-Dias (2003) and Sigalphinae was the only subfamily not collected by Penteado-Dias in previous studies mentioned above.…”

Euplectrus furnius parasitizing Spodoptera frugiperda in maize in Brazil

“…None of the parasitized larvae reached pupae stage (later parasitoids emerged from third instar at most) and neither adapted ovipositor were verifi ed on females, which indicates that E. furnius is possibly a koinobiont (CIRELLI & PENTEADO-DIAS, 2003).…”