Femtosecond laser writing of waveguides in periodically poled lithium niobate preserving the nonlinear coefficient

Osellame, Roberto; Lobino, Mirko; Chiodo, N.; Marangoni, Marco; Cerullo, Giulio; Ramponi, Roberta; Bookey, Henry T.; Thomson, Robert R.; Psaila, N. D.; Kar, A. K.

doi:10.1063/1.2748328

Cited by 104 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…This is, indeed, in accordance with previous works reporting on the nonlinear properties of ultrafast laser inscribed WGs in nonlinear crystals. [8][9][10][11] The unexpected increment of the SH back intensity observed at damage tracks has been tentatively attributed ͑in accordance with previous works͒ to the presence in those volumes of a defect-assisted back-scattering enhancement. 12 Thus, the confocal images of Fig.…”

supporting

confidence: 70%

Self-frequency-doubling of ultrafast laser inscribed neodymium doped yttrium aluminum borate waveguides

Dong

Mendívil

Cantelar

et al. 2011

Applied Physics Letters

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Buried channel optical waveguides, supporting orthogonal polarizations, have been fabricated in a neodymium doped yttrium aluminum borate nonlinear laser crystal by ultrafast laser inscription following the so-called "double line" approach. Confocal fluorescence and second harmonic imaging experiments have revealed that the original fluorescence and nonlinear properties have been not deteriorated by the waveguide inscription procedure. Preliminary laser experiments have shown the ability of the fabricated structures for green laser light generation under 808 nm optical pumping by self-frequency-doubling of the 1.06 m laser line of neodymium ions. © 2011 American Institute of Physics. ͓doi:10.1063/1.3584852͔Among the multifunctional optical systems currently proposed as building-blocks of integrated devices, selffrequency-converted ͑SFC͒ laser crystals are one of the most widely studied. SFC systems are constituted by a nonlinear crystal which is optically activated by laser ions ͑usually rare earth ions such as Nd 3+ or Yb 3+ ͒. 1 Under laser operation the nonlinear properties of the host matrix activate frequencymixing processes between the different intracavity laser radiations that propagate along the gain medium ͑pump and laser͒. These intracavity nonlinear processes lead to the generation of new laser frequencies without the requirement of additional intracavity optical components, i.e., allowing for highly compact multiwavelength laser sources. 1 Among the different SFC crystals reported up to now, neodymium doped yttrium aluminum borate ͑hereafter Nd:YAB͒ is, without doubts, a paradigm. 2 It combines the good thermal, mechanical, and nonlinear properties of the YAB host with the outstanding fluorescence properties of Nd ions. 3,4 Based on this unique combination, multifrequency laser light oscillation in the three fundamental colors ͑red, green, and blue͒ has been demonstrated from a unique Nd:YAB element operating at 1.3 m. 5 In its simplest version, involving only the second harmonic ͑SH͒ of the 1064 nm laser line of Nd 3+ ions, pumpto-green optical conversion efficiencies as high as 25% have been reported. 6 Further incorporation of Nd:YAB SFC lasers in miniaturized optical devices requires the controlled fabrication of optical waveguides ͑WGs͒ in the bulk material. Up to now, WGs in Nd:YAB crystals have been only reported by light ion implantation, without demonstrating any selffrequency-doubling ͑SFD͒ laser ability. 7 In order to achieve this goal the fabricated structures should satisfy following three main requirements: ͑i͒ the fabrication procedure should preserve the original fluorescence and nonlinear properties of the Nd:YAB system, ͑ii͒ the fabricated WGs should support both TE and TM modes so that birefringence-based phase matching ͑PM, requiring orthogonal polarizations for fundamental and second harmonic waves͒ will be possible, and ͑iii͒ light confinement should be achieved in a large spectral range so that spatial confinement of both fundamental and second order radiation would be achieve...

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supporting

confidence: 70%

Self-frequency-doubling of ultrafast laser inscribed neodymium doped yttrium aluminum borate waveguides

Dong

Mendívil

Cantelar

et al. 2011

Applied Physics Letters

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“…It is also employed in a variety of frequency conversion applications. Considerable attention has been paid to the fabrication of waveguides in other nonlinear crystals [8], such as active-ion-doped YAG [9,10], KTiOPO 4 [11,12], and LiNbO 3 [13][14][15][16][17]. But successful demonstration has not been possible in KDP [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Waveguide fabrication in KDP crystals with femtosecond laser pulses

et al. 2014

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Optical waveguides fabricated in potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) by ultrafast laser pulses are demonstrated. Dependent on the incident pulse energy, two different types of refractive index modification have been induced. For moderate laser powers, type I homogeneous waveguides are created. At higher pulse energies, type II waveguides are formed in the stressed area surrounding regions of laser-induced damage. Double-line and four-line structures are applied to the type II guides to increase mode confinement. Polarization sensitivity and transmission properties of the written waveguides are characterized and discussed. The results indicate that high-quality waveguides can be fabricated in KDP, which has potential for further applications in nonlinear integrated-optics.

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“…The magnitude of the refractive index modifications induced at the micro and submicroscale can range from 10 −4 to 10 −1 , allowing for the fabrication of photonics devices ͑such as waveguides and photonic crystals͒ in a large variety of materials including glasses and crystals. [20][21][22] Among the different crystals in which ultrafast laser inscription has been demonstrated, sapphire is of special relevance. It is regarded as one of the hardest crystals with a large Young's modulus ͑0.4 TPa͒ so that permanent structural modifications require very high energy confinements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal stability of microstructural and optical modifications induced in sapphire by ultrafast laser filamentation

Benayas

Jaque

McMillen

et al. 2010

Journal of Applied Physics

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We report on the thermal stability of both structural and optical micromodifications created by ultrafast laser written filaments in sapphire crystals. By using the Cr 3+ traces as optical probes, we have concluded that the filaments are constituted by both reversible and nonreversible defects with very different spatial locations. The strain field measured from the analysis of R lines has been found to be erased at the same time when the reversible centers are recombined ͑ϳ1100°C͒. This fact seems to indicate that these defects act as pinning centers for the induced stress. Furthermore, we have found that the waveguide generated in the proximity of the filament disappear for annealing temperatures above 1100°C. This clearly supports the assumption that waveguiding is produced by the strain stress induced refractive index increment based on the dominant electronic polarizability enhancement.

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Femtosecond laser writing of waveguides in periodically poled lithium niobate preserving the nonlinear coefficient

Cited by 104 publications

References 11 publications

Self-frequency-doubling of ultrafast laser inscribed neodymium doped yttrium aluminum borate waveguides

Self-frequency-doubling of ultrafast laser inscribed neodymium doped yttrium aluminum borate waveguides

Waveguide fabrication in KDP crystals with femtosecond laser pulses

Thermal stability of microstructural and optical modifications induced in sapphire by ultrafast laser filamentation

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