Femtosecond IR laser fabrication of Bragg gratings in photonic crystal fibers and tapers

Mihailov, Stephen J.; Grobnic, Dan; Ding, Huimin; Smelser, Christopher W.; Broeng, Jes

doi:10.1109/lpt.2006.881211

Cited by 63 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…83 ond laser exposure, 41,43 and two-photon absorption. 85 UVlaser exposure is a common technique for writing a FBG/ LPFG in a Ge-doped PCF with a photosensitivity.…”

Section: B To Write Lpfgs In Solid-core Pcfsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…27,34,41,43,85 All of these gratings, however, were written in index-guiding PCFs, instead of bandgap-guiding fibers. Recently, PBF-based gratings were also written in a new kind of bandgap-guiding fibers such as fluid-filled PBFs ͑Refs.…”

Section: To Write Lpfgs In Air-core Pbfsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5-15 Since Hill et al 1 and Vengsarkar et al 5 wrote the first FBG and LPFG in conventional glass fibers in 1978 and 1996, respectively, the fabrications and applications of in-fiber gratings have achieved rapid developments. Various fabrication methods, such as ultraviolet ͑UV͒ laser exposure, 5-15 CO 2 laser irradiation, [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] electricarc discharge, [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] femtosecond laser exposure, [38][39][40][41][42][43] mechanical microbends, [44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51] etched corrugations, [52][53][54][55][56][57] and ion beam implantation, [58][59][60] have been demonstrated to write LPFGs in different types of optical fibers. Numerous LPFGbased devices have ...…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of long period fiber gratings written by CO2 laser

Wang

2010

Journal of Applied Physics

220

134

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This paper presents a systematic review of long period fiber gratings (LPFGs) written by the CO2 laser irradiation technique. First, various fabrication techniques based on CO2 laser irradiations are demonstrated to write LPFGs in different types of optical fibers such as conventional glass fibers, solid-core photonic crystal fibers, and air-core photonic bandgap fibers. Second, possible mechanisms, e.g., residual stress relaxation, glass structure changes, and physical deformation, of refractive index modulations in the CO2-laser-induced LPFGs are analyzed. Third, asymmetrical mode coupling, resulting from single-side laser irradiation, is discussed to understand unique optical properties of the CO2-laser-induced LPFGs. Fourthly, several pretreament and post-treatment techniques are proposed to enhance the efficiency of grating fabrications. Fifthly, sensing applications of the CO2-laser-induced LPFGs are investigated to develop various LPFG-based temperature, strain, bend, torsion, pressure, and biochemical sensors. Finally, communication applications of the CO2-laser-induced LPFGs are investigated to develop various LPFG-based band-rejection filters, gain equalizers, polarizers, and couplers.

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“…83 ond laser exposure, 41,43 and two-photon absorption. 85 UVlaser exposure is a common technique for writing a FBG/ LPFG in a Ge-doped PCF with a photosensitivity.…”

Section: B To Write Lpfgs In Solid-core Pcfsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: To Write Lpfgs In Air-core Pbfsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of long period fiber gratings written by CO2 laser

Wang

2010

Journal of Applied Physics

220

134

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“…If the number of air holes is small enough grating inscription is possible with prolonged www.lpr-journal.org [116]. One approach to shorten the exposure time is to let the outer air-holes collapse by tapering the fiber [117]. A less destructive method to reduce scattering and reflection is to fill the fiber with index-matching liquid and heat it out after grating inscription [118,119].…”

Section: Inscription In Active and Other Specialty Fibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Femtosecond pulse written fiber gratings: a new avenue to integrated fiber technology

Thomas

Voigtländer

Becker

et al. 2012

Laser & Photonics Reviews

155

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The use of ultrashort laser pulses for fiber grating inscription has many advantages in comparison to continuous wave and long pulse lasers. The most important one is that it allows inscription in nonphotosensitive fiber materials. In this paper the principal inscription techniques and the physical properties of femtosecond (fs) pulse written in-fiber gratings are reviewed. The role of focusing and order walk-off on the inscribed structures is emphasized. A fs pulse written fiber Bragg grating (FBG) also has a unique coupling behavior, due to a refractive index change that is independent from the fiber geometry. Selected applications of such gratings for sensing and fiber lasers are discussed.

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“…Possible densification gratings have been recently reported using femtosecond gratings [28]. However the main region of interest justifying the use of these lasers is the Type II regime since changes in this regime are significantly more stable, up to 1000 ℃ [29,30].…”

Section: Application Of Femtosecond Lasersmentioning

confidence: 99%