Femtogram‐Controlled Synthesis and Self‐Aligned Fabrication of Polyaniline Micro‐ and Nanostructures

Vlad, Alexandru; Yunus, Sami; Attout, Anne; Serban, Dana Alina; Gence, Loïk; Faniel, Sébastien; Bertrand, Patrick; Melinte, Sorin

doi:10.1002/smll.200901771

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…If using transparent materials, like graphene or CNT based current collectors, polymer based active materials, or transparent oxides for supercapacitor applications, the scaling up could be done more easily, without compromising too much the transparency although, other issues related to ionic and electronic diffusion could interfere. Techniques like ink‐jet printing, self‐assembly, nanowire decorated surface‐enhanced metallic electrodes and large‐scale soft‐lithography protocols could be further configured to precisely structure grid‐like or interdigit electrodes for superior performance transparent energy storage sources …”

Section: Unconventional Techniques and Configurationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design Considerations for Unconventional Electrochemical Energy Storage Architectures

Vlad

Singh

Galande

et al. 2015

Advanced Energy Materials

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290

204

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all need to be used in conjugation with an energy storage system to provide smooth power leveling. Currently, electrochemical energy storage systems are by far the most optimal solutions for powering a broad range of technologies, expanding from compact and light-weighted portable electronic devices to stationary gridscale energy storage applications. [3][4][5][6] These energy storage devices (batteries and supercapacitors) store the available electrical energy in the form of chemical energy and release it whenever needed, by simply reversing the electrochemical reaction. [7][8][9][10][11] Among various available battery chemistries, lithium batteries and supercapacitors are the most promising technologies. [ 7,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Ever since the realization of the fi rst electrochemical energy storage cell by Alessandro Volta (end of 17th century), the working principle and its function has changed very little. [ 21,22 ] Basically, two redox couples (or charge storage electrodes), electrically and physically separated, are bridged by an ion conducting medium to constitute an electrochemical cell. This holds true also for modern Li-ion batteries, although the chemistry involved is much more complex. During operation, the electrons are transferred through an external circuit while ions shuttle through the electrolyte to counterbalance the depleted charge at the electrodes. [ 23 ] So far, much of the effort has been directed towards improvement of the energy and power characteristics by downsizing the active components, re-engineering the current collectors and separators, as well as fi ne-tuning the Batteries have become fundamental building blocks for the mobility of modern society. Continuous development of novel battery chemistries and electrode materials has nourished progress in building better batteries. Simultaneously, novel device form factors and designs with multi-functional components have been proposed, requiring batteries to not only integrate seamlessly to these devices, but to also be a multi-functional component for a multitude of applications. Thus, in the past decade, along with developments in the component materials, the focus has been shifting more and more towards novel fabrication processes, unconventional confi gurations, and additional functionalities. This work attempts to critically review the developments with respect to emerging electrochemical energy storage confi gurations, including, amongst others, paintable, transparent, fl exible, wire or cable shaped, ultra-thin and ultra-thick confi gurations, as well as hybrid energy storage-conversion, or graphene-incorporated batteries and supercapacitors. The performance requirements are elaborated together with the advantages, but also the limitations, with respect to established electrochemical energy storage technologies. Finally, challenges in developing novel materials with tailored properties that would allow such confi gurations, and in designing easier manufacturing techniques that can be widely adopted ar...

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Section: Unconventional Techniques and Configurationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design Considerations for Unconventional Electrochemical Energy Storage Architectures

Vlad

Singh

Galande

et al. 2015

Advanced Energy Materials

Self Cite

290

204

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…92 In addition to this nucleation controlled process, aligned 1-D nanostructures of polyaniline can also be fabricated off of a passivated gold surface modified with 4-aminothiophenol 93 or by exploiting the ability of Pt to spontaneously oxidize aniline in the presence of oxygen to produce polyaniline, known as electroless polymerization. 94 Aligned nanowires of polyaniline 95 and of polymethoxyaniline, 96 can also be produced as free-standing structures without the need for nucleating off of a surface. For polyaniline, by oxidizing aniline at elevated temperature and subsequently controlling ''crystal growth'' at 0 C, large polyaniline arrays can be produced (Fig.…”

Section: Aligned/oriented 1-d Nanostructuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

The oxidation of aniline to produce “polyaniline”: a process yielding many different nanoscale structures

Tran¹,

et al. 2011

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The number of different nano-and micro-scale structures produced from the chemical oxidation of aniline into ''polyaniline'' is rivaled by few other organic materials. Nanoscale structures such as fibers, tubes, aligned wires, flowers, spheres and hollow spheres, plates, and even those resembling anatomical organs, insects, and sea animals have been observed for the products produced when aniline is oxidized. This feature article examines these different structures and the small and subtle changes in reaction parameters that result in their formation. These changes can often result in drastic differences in the polymer's nanoscale morphology. Because a nanomaterial's properties are highly dependent on the type of morphology produced, understanding polyaniline's propensity for forming these structures is crucial towards tailoring the material for different applications as well as improving its synthetic reproducibility. The different approaches to commonly observed polyaniline nanostructures are presented in this article along with some of the highly debated aspects of these processes. The article ends with our approach towards resolving some of these contentious issues and our perspective on where things are headed in the years to come.

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“…9). 29 This extends the processing methodology to virtually any type of substrate combining variety of metallic and even semiconducting coatings.…”

Section: Electroless Polymerization Of Anilinementioning

confidence: 99%

Technological and Material Related Challenges for Large Area, High Aspect-Ratio, Near Teradot/Inch<SUP>2</SUP> Areal Density and Three-Dimensional Structuring of Polyaniline

Jedrasik

Vlad²,

Södervall³

2011

J. Nanosci. Nanotech.

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In this manuscript we report on a newly developed technology for the nanoscale processing of the conducting polyaniline (PANI) with an unprecedented areal patterning order and density control exceeding 0.25 teradot/inch2. High resolution electron beam lithography was used to generate ordered 2D and 3D templates. A novel type of resist and dose-modulated 3D-electron beam lithography (RDM-3D-EBL), extensively exploiting the intrinsic properties of resist-electron beam interaction is detailed. Surface initiated and template confined aniline polymerization, through catalytic activity of metallic platinum, was then exploited to provide a genuine method for controlled nanoscale processing of polyaniline, a prototypical conjugated polymer that definitively settled the concept of synthetic metals. Using nanoscale polymerization reactors, ultimate resolution patterning and processing control of single polyaniline nanostructures was feasible. Aspects of the nanoscale polyaniline growth mechanism are discussed and the highly controllable, sub-picogram scale fabrication is emphasized. Near teradot/inch2 pattern transfer technology, complex 3D structuring and physico-chemical functionalization of polyaniline can be subsequently harnessed to build a large variety of architectures with potential for emerging optoelectronic technologies. The method is scalable, can be applied on virtually any type of flexible or rigid substrates and provides a generic approach for nanopatterning surfaces with functional polymers. Technological and material related fabrication challenges are detailed and discussed.

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Femtogram‐Controlled Synthesis and Self‐Aligned Fabrication of Polyaniline Micro‐ and Nanostructures

Cited by 12 publications

References 53 publications

Design Considerations for Unconventional Electrochemical Energy Storage Architectures

Design Considerations for Unconventional Electrochemical Energy Storage Architectures

The oxidation of aniline to produce “polyaniline”: a process yielding many different nanoscale structures

Technological and Material Related Challenges for Large Area, High Aspect-Ratio, Near Teradot/Inch<SUP>2</SUP> Areal Density and Three-Dimensional Structuring of Polyaniline

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