Femoral Bowing and Femoral Neck-Shaft Angle Evaluation Can Reduce Atypical Femoral Fractures in Osteoporotic Patients: A Scientific Report

Abstract

Bisphosphonates (BPs) are the mainstay of osteoporosis treatment due to their safety and efficacy. There is evidence that BPs medication may be complicated by atypical femoral fractures (AFFs). Prolonged administration of BPs is even more strongly associated with AFFs. AFF is a relatively rare complication of BPs when taking into account the huge population worldwide that benefits from this pharmacotherapy. AFF is, however, a serious complication of BPs treatment, which includes prolonged healing time and high revision rate when operative treatment is required. Less frequently, AFFs occur even without BPs administration, while these fractures have all the characteristics of “stress” or “insufficiency” fractures. The critical point of view in AFFs pathogenesis seems to be not only the biology of cortical bone, but also the mechanical issue. It has been proven that BPs, glucocorticoids and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) can cause bone turnover suppression and affect the biological parameter of AFFs pathogenesis. Specific mechanical femoral bone properties predispose to AFFs pathogenesis. Several studies have already reported that increased femoral bowing > 5.25 0 degrees or decreased femoral neck-shaft angle <125 degrees, are associated with increased risk for diaphyseal and subtrochanteric AFFs respectively, regardless of BPs uptake. If these two parameters are simultaneously present, the probability for AFFs occurrence increases dramatically. Our scientific report, which is based on the current evidence about AFFs, is that if both femoral bowing angle and femoral neck-shaft angle are evaluated before BPs administration, this intervention may reduce the incidence of AFFs. Thus, in cases with excessive lateral femoral shaft bowing or very small femoral neck-shaft angle, the prescription of another anti-osteoporotic treatment than BPs should be recommended. If, however, BPs can’t be avoided, clinicians should be aware of the fact that long-term administration may be implicated with AFFs occurrence. In these cases, short term BPs administration with timely drug holiday between three and five years may be reasonable. Finally, roentgenographic evaluation of both femurs every six months and medical reference in case of any emerging thigh pain are also logical interventions to prevent and reduce AFFs.

Lateral Bowing of Femur Associated With Older Age, Shorter Stature, and Lower Bone Mineral Density

“…The correlation between LB of the femur and BMD has been reported by several studies [1,12,22]. The present study showed a weak negative correlation between LB and trochanteric BMD, supporting the idea that the lower the femoral BMD the greater the LB.…”

“…Zyang et al reported that the extent of the bowing progresses with aging [11]. Papaioannou et al showed a correlation between femoral bowing and osteoporosis [12]. Other reports have suggested that the greater the anterolateral curvature, the more likely is the occurrence of an atypical femoral fracture (AFF) [12][13][14][15][16].…”

“…Papaioannou et al showed a correlation between femoral bowing and osteoporosis [12]. Other reports have suggested that the greater the anterolateral curvature, the more likely is the occurrence of an atypical femoral fracture (AFF) [12][13][14][15][16]. However, the complex relationships between patient characteristics and femoral bowing are still unknown.…”