Feminization of Agriculture: Do Female Farmers Have Higher Expectations for the Value of Their Farmland?—Empirical Evidence from China

Abstract

An individual’s expectations for the value of farmland are a manifestation of his or her awareness of farmland rights and interests. Differences between male and female farmers in their use of farmland, employment, education, and rights protection may ultimately lead to differences in the evaluation of land value between the two groups. Clarifying such gender differences in the valuation of farmland and the reasons for them is of great significance for the formulation of policies and scientific research in areas such as the protection of rural women’s rights, nonagricultural employment, and land transfer. In the context of the global “feminization of agriculture”, we start with individuals’ psychological expectations for the value of farmland. We use data on farmland from the 2015 China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) and estimate an OLS regression model. The moderating effects model identifies the impact of gender differences on such expectations and the underlying mechanism. We find that (1) rural female farmers’ psychological expectations for the value of farmland are much lower than those of males due to their disadvantages in receiving information through policy publicization and their greater willingness to transfer into nonagricultural employment, and (2), according to the heterogeneity analysis, better educated female farmers and those living in areas with greater economic and social development expect farmland to be more valuable. These conclusions show that female farmers are currently less aware of their economic rights in rural China than male farmers, and that education, policy propaganda, and economic and social underdevelopment hinder their awareness of women’s rights. We propose policy suggestions to ensure women’s educational rights, promote the adjustment of the industrial structure and of policy propaganda, and balance regional economic and social development.

[Retracted] An Investigation on the Effectiveness of Creating a Music Classroom Teaching Environment Based on Psychological Expectations

“…Due to the lack of systematic theoretical and practical guidance, the rapidly developing Internet technology has not been able to serve the new music teaching model and be used for music education [14]. e application of technology in education lags far behind the development of information technology [15].…”

Traditional Perceptions of Climate Change Phenomenon Influencing Adaptation Decisions among Women Crop Farmers in Southern Nigeria

“…Glazebrook et al, (2020) assert that the agricultural activities of women contribute to national food baskets and consequently to food security in both the global south and global north. Women make substantial contributions to both production and management processes in agriculture (Yan et al, 2022). Indeed, women play important roles at every stage along agriculture value chains.…”

“…This study leverages Woods et al (2017) conceptualization and operationalization of the theory of perception and cognitive thinking, and the theory of feminization in agriculture (Glazebrook et al, 2020;Yan et al, 2022) and the applications of the theoretical debates for mainstreaming women in agriculture in the global south, which in this case is the Southern region of Nigeria. The study strengthens the proposition of Glazebrook et al, (2020) that climate change impacts threaten and damage agricultural productivity in Africa, making it necessary to understand women farmers' challenges in order to unpack innovative knowledge transfer pathways.…”

Intranational synergies and trade-offs reveal common and differentiated priorities of sustainable development goals in China

“…For SDG5 (Gender Equality), the central government should take the lead to strengthen the top-level design and launch a package of much stronger plans and measures in every sector in the short and long terms to promote the all-round development of women and girl. In particular, China should reduce gender gap in women’s employment rate and wage (SDG8 and SDG9) 43 , participation in decision-making (SDG5) 44 , healthcare (SDG3) 45 , rural and secondary education (SDG4) 44 , 46 , poverty reduction (SDG1) 47 , rights protection in agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry (SDG2 and SDG15) 48 , water and sanitation (SDG6) 49 , and building partnership (SDG17) 50 .…”