Female Sex Is a Risk Factor Associated with Long-Term Post-COVID Related-Symptoms but Not with COVID-19 Symptoms: The LONG-COVID-EXP-CM Multicenter Study

Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, César; Martín-Guerrero, José D.; Pellicer-Valero, Óscar J.; Navarro‐Pardo, Esperanza; Gómez‐Mayordomo, Víctor; Cuadrado, M.L.; Navalón, José Antonio Arias; Cigarán‐Méndez, Margarita; Hernández‐Barrera, Valentín; Arendt-Nielsen, Lars

doi:10.3390/jcm11020413

Cited by 172 publications

(164 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…A large cohort study showed that the female gender is one of the potential risk factors for developing post-COVID-19 features [ 14 , 18 ]. This can be clarified by the difference in immunological response between males and females, psychosocial stress, and the assumption that females are more concerned about their health [ 24 , 25 ]. This is consistent with our findings, which showed that loss of smell, loss of taste, and hair loss were significantly higher in females than males.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistent Symptoms Post-COVID-19: An Observational Study at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Jabali¹,

Alsabban²,

Bahakeem³

et al. 2022

Cureus

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Background As the prevalence of COVID-19 recovery cases increased, patients started to notice new symptoms after being cured of the acute infection. We aimed to study the type of persistent symptoms post-COVID-19 infection, their prevalence, and factors that play a role in developing the post-COVID-19 symptoms among COVID-19 patients at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, from the period of September 2021 to December 2021. Participants were contacted via a phone interview. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics, and p-values of ≤0.05 were considered significant. Results A total of 327 participants completed the study, of which 169 (51.7%) were male. Nearly half of the patients, 161 (49.09%), had persistent symptoms. The most common symptoms were loss of smell, loss of taste, cough, and fatigue (22.6%, 19.2%, 11.6%, and 9.1% respectively). They were followed by an equal percentage of shortness of breath, headache, and hair loss (7.3%). Gender was found to be significant in loss of smell, loss of taste, and hair loss, with p-values of 0.016, 0.018, and <0.001, respectively. Conclusion A large proportion of patients with COVID-19 developed persistent symptoms. The most common symptoms were loss of smell and taste, cough, and fatigue. Some factors played a role in acquiring post-COVID-19 symptoms, including gender and place of treatment. Gender was significantly associated with hair loss. Follow-up after recovery is required to maintain individual well-being.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistent Symptoms Post-COVID-19: An Observational Study at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Jabali¹,

Alsabban²,

Bahakeem³

et al. 2022

Cureus

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“…These results are consistent with previous reports in the medical literature that obesity and female sex are risk factors for long COVID. 6 , 7 , 8 However, The PHOSP-COVID Collaborative Group's findings add to the evidence base by confirming these associations in a large cohort with long-term follow-up. 2 The association between obesity and severe long COVID might be expected because the multisystemic changes (ie, hormonal, metabolic, and a pro-inflammatory state) associated with obesity 9 could promote the maintenance of a systemic inflammation.…”

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confidence: 83%

Long COVID: systemic inflammation and obesity as therapeutic targets

Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas

2022

The Lancet Respiratory Medicine

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“…The present study also recognizes female sex as a risk factor associated with post-COVID syndrome. 6,7 As shown in the Supplementary Materials (Table 1), careful comparison of the RHR and NOI parameters collected for females and males seems to corroborate a difference in risk based on sex. For example, the RHR parameter is higher for females than males in the control group, but there is no such difference in the post-COVID group.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…4,5 Female sex is a risk factor associated with post-COVID syndrome, with sex hormones possibly playing an important role in that risk. 6,7…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic fatigue associated with post-COVID syndrome versus transient fatigue caused by high intensity exercise: are they comparable in terms of vascular effects?

Chudzik

Cender²,

Mordaka³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Purpose: The pathophysiology of chronic fatigue associated with post-COVID syndrome is not well recognized. It is assumed that this condition is partly due to vascular dysfunction developed during an acute phase of infection. There is great demand for a diagnostic tool that is able to clinically assess post-COVID syndrome and monitor the rehabilitation process. Patients and Methods: The Flow Mediated Skin Fluorescence (FMSF) technique appears uniquely suitable for the analysis of basal microcirculatory oscillations and reactive hyperemia induced by transient ischemia. The FMSF was used to measure vascular circulation in 45 patients with post-COVID syndrome. The results were compared with those for a group of 26 amateur runners before and after high intensity exercise, as well as for a control group of 32 healthy age-matched individuals. Results: Based on the NOI and RHR parameters measured with the FMSF technique, it was found that chronic fatigue associated with post-COVID syndrome is comparable with transient fatigue caused by high-intensity exercise in terms of vascular effects. Both chronic fatigue associated with post-COVID syndrome and transient fatigue caused by high-intensity exercise are associated with vascular stress in the macrocirculation and microcirculation. Conclusion: The NOI and RHR parameters measured with the FMSF technique can be used for non-invasive clinical assessment of post-COVID syndrome, as well as for monitoring the rehabilitation process.

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Female Sex Is a Risk Factor Associated with Long-Term Post-COVID Related-Symptoms but Not with COVID-19 Symptoms: The LONG-COVID-EXP-CM Multicenter Study

Cited by 172 publications

References 49 publications

Persistent Symptoms Post-COVID-19: An Observational Study at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Persistent Symptoms Post-COVID-19: An Observational Study at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Long COVID: systemic inflammation and obesity as therapeutic targets

Chronic fatigue associated with post-COVID syndrome versus transient fatigue caused by high intensity exercise: are they comparable in terms of vascular effects?

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