Female Police Officers and Coercion

Abstract

Early research on the use of non‐excessive force and coercion by female officers indicated that women in law enforcement possessed heightened verbal communication skills, a lesser likelihood of aggressive patrol tactics, and lower involvement in the use of physical coercion than their male counterparts. These factors became important in advocating for increasing the recruitment and retention of women in policing. As the research evolved, however, more and more studies have come to find that women are equally engaged in coercive tactics and use of non‐excessive force as their male counterparts, and gender became less significant in predicting use of force and coercion than the situational and community contexts of the incident. This is an area in need of future research in order to understand better whether and how female officers “do” coercion differently.

Constant Software Updates vs. Public Software Acquisition

“…Tendering is the process where an organization that needs a software system invites bids for software projects, to be delivered within a fixed deadline (Koski 2019). The process starts by describing a problem the acquiring organization has and outlining a project with which to solve the problem.…”

“…Considering changes that inevitably will be needed is easily overlooked. In fact, even phasing or incremental delivery of the system is often not considered, as many organizations find such deployment unthinkable and risky (Koski, 2019). This article addresses the apparent contradiction between continuous software development and public software, where large systems are typically acquired -for instance, Apotti 1 , an information system for merging social care and health care services and to standardize associated operational routines for Helsinki Metropolitan region, Finland, has been estimated to cost over 800 Me (Wikipedia, 2023).…”