Female Lobbyists: Women in the World of "Good Ol' Boys"

Nownes, Anthony J.; Freeman, Patricia K.

doi:10.2307/2647737

Cited by 28 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…For instance, studies have shown that women in legislative bodies vote differently on issues (Thomas 1994;Dolan and Ford 1995;Dodson 1998;Swers 2001), have different issue priorities (Kathlene 1998;Tolleson-Rinehart 2000), and possess different leadership styles (Whicker and Jewell 1998;Rosenthal 1998;Swers 2001) than their male counterparts. Similar to findings regarding women as legislators, findings by Nownes and Freeman (1998) indicated that women lobbyists act differently than men in that industry. Women were significantly less likely to do favors for pubic officials and were more likely to work for citizen groups as opposed to business groups than men lobbyists.…”

supporting

confidence: 78%

“…More recent studies of women lobbyists find that women's participation in this elite role has increased but continues to lag behind men's. For instance, a study of women lobbyists in the 1980s found that only about 20% of Washington 252 C. Panagopoulos et al lobbyists were women (Schlozman 1990); however, by the late 1990s research found that 27% of lobbyists at the state level were women (Nownes and Freeman 1998) and 34% of federal lobbyists were women (Bath, Nownes, and Gayvert 2005). When women are able to secure high-level positions, however, they have been shown to have an impact.…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Scholars have found, for instance, that fewer numbers of women than men engage in higher-level political participation such as lobbying legislative bodies (Salisbury 1986;Schlozman 1990;Rosenthal 1993; Thomas and Hrebenar 1996;Nownes and Freeman 1998) and running for and holding elected office (Carroll 1994;Darcy et al, 1994;Burrell 1994;Gertzog 1995;Fox 1997).…”

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confidence: 97%

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Lady Luck? Women Political Consultants in U.S. Congressional Campaigns

Panagopoulos

Dulio

Brewer

2011

Journal of Political Marketing

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Recent years have witnessed considerable growth in the political consulting profession (Panagopoulos 2006). In this article, the authors analyze female political consultants and their participation in the burgeoning political consulting industry. The authors assess the role women play as advisors in congressional campaigns. Specifically, they focus on how widely women and their consulting firms participate as professional advisors to candidates in federal elections and what factors help to determine whether female-partnered firms are hired by candidates.

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confidence: 78%

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confidence: 93%

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confidence: 97%

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Lady Luck? Women Political Consultants in U.S. Congressional Campaigns

Panagopoulos

Dulio

Brewer

2011

Journal of Political Marketing

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“…Having gained lobbying experience as interest groups participants, more women have entered the previous male-dominated profession of lobbying in Frankfort, the state capital (Nownes and Freeman 1998 Judith Taylor, a "hired gun" who was voted one of the eight most influential lobbyists in the 1998 General Assembly, represents various clients, including the Keeneland Association, Peoples Lottery Foundation, and Kentucky Academy of Eye Physicians and Surgeons (Kentucky Gazette 1998). Many unpaid female "citizen lobbyists," representinggroups such as AARP, MADD, and the PTA, also congregate in Frankfort and monitor legislative proceedings during regular and special legislative sessions.…”

Section: Lobbyistsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Silenced Majority: Glacial Movement of Women Into Kentucky Politics

Miller

2000

Southeastern Political Review

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Women play a critical but inadequate role in the political life of Kentucky. The intermittent impact of Kentucky women as voters, appointed officeholders, members of boards and commissions, party activists, lobbyists, and campaign contributors historically has lagged behind national averages. And the role Kentucky women play as elected representatives remains among the most muted in the nation. Despite the success of large numbers of women as local elected officials, at the highest level, women are, in effect, second‐class citizens. Only 12 percent of the state legislature “looks like” 52 percent of the population, despite the disproportionately high percentage of women who are active in the campaigns of the other 88 percent. The traditionalistic political culture, the powerful inertia of incumbency at all levels, and the entrenched “good old boy network” keep many women from office.

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“…Recent studies show that approximately 25 percent of all Washington lobbyists are women (Berry 1997; Heinz et al 1993; Salisbury 1986). A similar proportion of state lobbyists are women (Nownes and Freeman 1998;Rosenthal 2001;Thomas and Hrebenar 1996). Has the entry of women into the lobbying occupation changed the profession in any way?…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Women Lobbyists: The Gender Gap and Interest Representation

Bath¹,

Gayvert-Owen²,

Nownes

2005

Politics &Amp; Policy

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Though women lobbyists have traditionally been underrepresented in Washington politics, a number of recent studies suggest their numbers are on the rise. Has the entry of women into the lobbying profession changed the profession in any way? Are there diflerences between the behavior of female and male lobbyists? In this stu4, we address these questions by exploring gender dferences in lobbying. We do so using data from a survey of over 200 Wmhington lobbyists. Ourfindings indicate that women lobbyists use the same techniques as their male counterparts. Moreover, they exhibit similar levels of access to policymakers M men, and once they have this access, they appear to be taken seriously by policymakers. However, despite these gains on the part offemale lobbyists, our data suggest that a substantial lobbying "gender gap" persists.w o m e n lobbyists are not plentiful. It appears that for most ofAmerican history, fewer than one in ten Washington lobbyists were women. Recently however, this has changed. Recent studies show that approximately 25 percent of all Washington lobbyists are women (Berry 1997; Heinz et al. 1993; Salisbury 1986). A similar proportion of state lobbyists are women (Nownes and Freeman 1998;Rosenthal 2001;Thomas and Hrebenar 1996). Has the entry of women into the lobbying occupation changed the profession in any way? Are there differences between female and male lobbyists? Despite substantial female advances, these questions remain largely unanswered. In this study, we address these questions by exploring gender differences in lobbying. We do so using data from a survey of over 200 Washington lobbyists. O u r results suggest that while women continue to make inroads into the previously male-dominated field of lobbying, a substantial lobbying "gender gap" persists.

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Female Lobbyists: Women in the World of "Good Ol' Boys"

Cited by 28 publications

References 26 publications

Lady Luck? Women Political Consultants in U.S. Congressional Campaigns

Lady Luck? Women Political Consultants in U.S. Congressional Campaigns

The Silenced Majority: Glacial Movement of Women Into Kentucky Politics

Women Lobbyists: The Gender Gap and Interest Representation

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