Female ever-smoking, education, emancipation and economic development in 19 European countries

Schaap, Maartje M.; Kunst, Anton E.; Leinsalu, Mall; Regidor, Enrique; Espelt, Albert; Ekholm, Ola; Helmert, Uwe; Klumbienė, Jūratė; Mackenbach, Johan P.

doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.01.007

Cited by 74 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Also, we notice that smoking prevalence among female population negatively influences growth (Equation (2)), alike Christopoulou, Lillard and de la Miyar [79], but smoking prevalence among male population shows a positive influence on real GDP growth (Equations (1)-(3)), in line with previous studies [80,81]. Besides, we confirm Hondroyiannis and Papapetrou [72], since old-age dependency ratio negatively influences economic growth.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Christopoulou, et al [79] found that a 1% rise in economic growth is related with an average drop in the smoking prevalence rate of 0.02 percentage points for women and 0.07 percentage points for men. In contrast, Schaap, et al [80] contended a positive link between ever-smoking rates and GDP, for women 25-39 years, particularly for women that are more educated. In addition, Li and Guindon [81] provided evidence that a 10% increase in GDP per capita raises the likelihood of being a current smoker by at least 2.5% and possibly significantly more.…”

Section: The Impact Of Population Lifestyle and Demographic Changes Omentioning

confidence: 95%

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Empirical Study towards the Drivers of Sustainable Economic Growth in EU-28 Countries

2017

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This study aims at empirically investigating the drivers of sustainable economic growth in EU-28 countries. By means of panel data regression models, in the form of fixed and random effects models, alongside system generalized method of moments, we examine several drivers of real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate, as follows: higher education, business environment, infrastructure, technology, communications, and media, population lifestyle, and demographic changes. As regards higher education, the empirical results show that expenditure per student in higher education and traditional 18-22 year-old students are positively linked with sustainable economic growth, whereas science and technology graduates negatively influence real GDP growth. In terms of business environment, total expenditure on research and development and employment rates of recent graduates contributes to sustainable development, but corruption perceptions index revealed a negative association with economic growth. As well, the results provide support for a negative influence of infrastructure abreast technological measures on economic growth. Besides, we found a negative connection between old-age dependency ratio and sustainable economic growth.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: The Impact Of Population Lifestyle and Demographic Changes Omentioning

confidence: 95%

Empirical Study towards the Drivers of Sustainable Economic Growth in EU-28 Countries

2017

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“…We found a small reduction in all-cause mortality corresponding to a 4% lower over-all hazard ratio after age 40 for those who were exposed to the new extended compulsory school form, which may suggest that if there are effects of education on mortality, these do not appear shortly after a person has completed his or her education but rather accumulate over time. Cause-specific analyses suggested that the reform was negatively associated with overall cancer, lung cancer, ischemic heart disease (for women), overall external causes (for men), and accident mortality, possibly indicating that tobacco (10,11) and alcohol (12) play a role here. However, the relationship between education and alcohol consumption is complex (13)(14)(15), and an increased risk of mortality, from lung cancer and liver cirrhosis combined, was recently reported for exposed men between 1985-2005 (16).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Causal effect of education on mortality in a quasi-experiment on 1.2 million Swedes

Lager

Torssander

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

126

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In 1949-1962, Sweden implemented a 1-y increase in compulsory schooling as a quasi-experiment. Each year, children in a number of municipalities were exposed to the reform and others were kept as controls, allowing us to test the hypothesis that education is causally related to mortality. We studied all children born between 1943 and 1955, in 900 Swedish municipalities, with control for birth-cohort and area differences. Primary outcome measures are all-cause and cause-specific mortality until the end of 2007. The analyses include 1,247,867 individuals, of whom 92,351 died. We found lower all-cause mortality risk in the experimental group after age 40 [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93-0.99] but not before (HR = 1.03, 95% CI 0.98-1.07) or during the whole follow-up (HR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.95-1.01). After age 40, the experimental group had lower mortality from overall cancer, lung cancer, and accidents. In addition, exposed women had lower mortality from ischemic heart disease, and exposed men lower mortality from overall external causes. In analyses stratified for final educational level, we found lower mortality in the experimental group within the strata that settled for compulsory schooling only (HR = 0.94, 95% CI 0.89-0.99) and compulsory schooling plus vocational training (HR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.88-0.97).

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“…Smoking among rural women in Poland seems to be still less socially acceptable than in large cities. Higher prevalence of smoking among females from large urban settings may reflect response to intensive targeted cigarette advertising campaigns [19]. Moreover, factors related to women's emancipation and their higher spending power is suggested to influence smoking patterns among urban women [19,20].…”

Section: Study Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of daily cigarette smoking in Poland: Results from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (2009–2010)

Kaleta

Makowiec-Dąbrowska

Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk

et al. 2012

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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Female ever-smoking, education, emancipation and economic development in 19 European countries

Cited by 74 publications

References 21 publications

Empirical Study towards the Drivers of Sustainable Economic Growth in EU-28 Countries

Empirical Study towards the Drivers of Sustainable Economic Growth in EU-28 Countries

Causal effect of education on mortality in a quasi-experiment on 1.2 million Swedes

Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of daily cigarette smoking in Poland: Results from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (2009–2010)

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