Female Athlete Hip Injuries: A Narrative Review

Borgstrom, Haylee; McInnis, Kelly C.

doi:10.1097/jsm.0000000000000857

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 130 publications

(180 reference statements)

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“…Given that sex differences in auditory processing are pervasive post-puberty, it is necessary to determine whether sports participation affects male and female athletes differently. In athletes, sex differences are known to exist in visual processing 36 , 37 , skeletal injury rates and severity 38 , 39 , and risk, symptoms, and severity of a sports-related concussion 40 , 41 . Evidence suggests estrogen plays a role in these athlete sex differences 42 – 46 , similar to the sex differences seen in auditory processing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Athleticism and sex impact neural processing of sound

Krizman

Bonacina

Colegrove

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Biology and experience both influence the auditory brain. Sex is one biological factor with pervasive effects on auditory processing. Females process sounds faster and more robustly than males. These differences are linked to hormone differences between the sexes. Athleticism is an experiential factor known to reduce ongoing neural noise, but whether it influences how sounds are processed by the brain is unknown. Furthermore, it is unknown whether sports participation influences auditory processing differently in males and females, given the well-documented sex differences in auditory processing seen in the general population. We hypothesized that athleticism enhances auditory processing and that these enhancements are greater in females. To test these hypotheses, we measured auditory processing in collegiate Division I male and female student-athletes and their non-athlete peers (total n = 1012) using the frequency-following response (FFR). The FFR is a neurophysiological response to sound that reflects the processing of discrete sound features. We measured across-trial consistency of the response in addition to fundamental frequency (F0) and harmonic encoding. We found that athletes had enhanced encoding of the harmonics, which was greatest in the female athletes, and that athletes had more consistent responses than non-athletes. In contrast, F0 encoding was reduced in athletes. The harmonic-encoding advantage in female athletes aligns with previous work linking harmonic encoding strength to female hormone levels and studies showing estrogen as mediating athlete sex differences in other sensory domains. Lastly, persistent deficits in auditory processing from previous concussive and repetitive subconcussive head trauma may underlie the reduced F0 encoding in athletes, as poor F0 encoding is a hallmark of concussion injury.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Athleticism and sex impact neural processing of sound

Krizman

Bonacina

Colegrove

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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“…Additionally, high school girls are more likely to suffer a severe lower extremity injury resulting in greater than three weeks of time loss or medical disqualification than boys 5 . Recognizing sex differences for specific preventable injuries along with structural, biomechanical, neuromuscular, and hormonal risk factors is imperative to mitigating injury risk [6][7][8][9] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex-Specific Differences in Perceived Injury Management and Prevention in High School Student-Athletes

Kantaros¹,

Borgstrom

2021

J Wom Sports Med

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BACKGROUND: Sport-related injuries are common among high school student-athletes with specific sex disparities in injury risk. Many of these injuries may be avoidable with the use of injury prevention programs (IPPs). Sex differences in injury management and return to sport are not well understood. PURPOSE: To determine sex-specific differences in self-reported injury management and prevention strategies in high school student-athletes. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, survey-based study. METHODS: An anonymous 13-item electronic survey was distributed to all students in a private high school in December 2019 with responses recorded over a one-month study period. Primary outcomes were sex-specific differences in self-reported outcome measures assessing student-athlete experience during injury recovery and familiarity with IPPs. Groups were evaluated via descriptive statistics and differences between groups were compared. RESULTS: From a total of 190 responses, 106 were included in the analysis (63F, 43M, mean age 16.7 years). Female athletes reported decreased exposure to injury prevention training (44.4% vs 69.8%, p=0.01) and practice-based utilization of IPPs (23.8% vs 55.8%, p=0.001) compared to male athletes. Overall, reported utilization of IPPs was low regardless of sex at less than 40% for all athletes. Nearly 85% of female athletes compared to 51% of male athletes felt they could benefit from IPPs (p=0.001), yet fewer than half of female athletes reported ever having training in injury prevention. There were no statistically significant differences in measures of injury management or return to sport between sexes. Females reported similar major impact of injury on life and future plans compared to male athletes. CONCLUSIONS: Male athletes were 1.6x more likely to report injury prevention training and 2.4x more likely to report practice-based utilization of IPPs compared to female athletes. Sex-specific differences in injury management and return to sport were not identified. Better incorporation of IPPs, specifically at the high-school level, may help to address sex disparities in preventable sport-related injuries and allow student-athletes to maximize the myriad benefits of sport participation.

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Lost in research translation: Female athletes are not male athletes, especially at the hip

Lewis,

Shefelbine

2024

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Altered shape of the proximal femur (cam morphology) or acetabulum (pincer morphology) is indicative of femoroacetabular impingement, which can result in hip pain and osteoarthritis of the hip. As mechanical load during growth affects the resulting bone shape, there is strong evidence in males that cam morphology develops during skeletal growth while physes are open, rather than as an adaptation after growth plates are closed (skeletal maturity). This adaptation is particularly evident in athletes who participate at elite levels prior to skeletal maturity. The research providing this evidence, however, has primarily focused on male athletes. Despite the lack of inclusion in the research, females consistently comprise two thirds of the clinical and surgical populations with structural hip pain or pathology. Knowledge gained from male‐dominated cohorts may not appropriately transfer to female athletes, especially at the hip. This perspectives article briefly reviews differences between females and males in femoral and acetabular structure, hormones, timing of puberty/maturation, hypermobility, activity level and movement control—factors which affect hip structure development and loading. Without female‐focused research, the application of research findings from male athletes to female athletes may lead to ineffective or even inappropriate recommendations and treatments. Thus, there is a critical need for investment in research to promote life‐long hip health for females.

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Female Athlete Hip Injuries: A Narrative Review

Cited by 8 publications

References 130 publications

Athleticism and sex impact neural processing of sound

Athleticism and sex impact neural processing of sound

Sex-Specific Differences in Perceived Injury Management and Prevention in High School Student-Athletes

Lost in research translation: Female athletes are not male athletes, especially at the hip

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