Feline Coronavirus and Feline Infectious Peritonitis

Berliner, Elizabeth A.

doi:10.1002/9781119294382.ch16

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…FCoV infection is usually asymptomatic or causes mild enteritis that is unresponsive to supportive treatment [21,22]. If feline macrophages fail to eliminate the virus, it replicates within their cytoplasm and FIP develops [21,22]. A stressful environment such as that of multi-cat households or shelters and the sharing of a litter box with FCoV-infected cats increase the likelihood of FCoV mutation to FIPV [23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Myocarditis in an FIP-Diseased Cat with FCoV M1058L Mutation: Clinical and Pathological Changes

Guarnieri,

Bertola,

Ferrari

et al. 2024

Animals

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An 8-month-old intact male domestic shorthair cat was referred to the Emergency Service of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) of the Department of Veterinary Science of the University of Parma (Italy) from the Parma municipal multi-cat shelter, during the winter season (January 2023), for lethargy, anorexia, hypothermia, and hypoglycemia. At the VTH, upon cardiologic examination, an increase in heart rate, under normal blood pressure conditions, was detected. Signalment, clinical history, basal metabolic panel (BMP), ultrasound investigations, and cytological findings were all consistent with a diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). FIP was confirmed in the effusive abdominal fluid by a molecular genetic test (real-time PCR for feline coronavirus RNA). The molecular genetic investigation also detected an FCoV S gene single-nucleotide mutation: biotype M1058L. At necropsy, an effusive collection was recorded in the abdomen, thoracic cavity, and pericardium sac. White parenchymal nodules, of about 1 mm diameter, were found on the surface and deep in the lungs, liver, kidneys, and heart. Histopathology revealed the typical FIP pyogranulomatous vasculitis and IHC confirmed the presence of the FIP virus (FIPV) antigen. The most relevant histopathological finding was the myocarditis/myocardial necrosis associated with the presence of the S gene-mutated FCoV (M1058L biotype). This is the first case of myocarditis in a cat positive for the FCoV/FIP M1058L biotype. Further studies are necessary to support the mutated FCoV M1058L biotype, as an uncommon, but possible, causative pathogen of myocarditis in FCoV/FIP-positive cats. Studies including several FCoV/FIP M1058L-positive cases could allow us to make a correlation with heart gross pathology, histopathology, and immunolocalization of the FCoV/FIP M1058L biotype in the myocardium. The investigation will potentially allow us to determine the effective tropism of the FCoV/FIP M1058L biotype for myocardiocytes or whether myocardiocyte lesions are evident in the presence of concomitant causes related to the patient, its poor condition, or external environmental distress such as cold season, and whether the aforementioned concomitant events are correlated.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myocarditis in an FIP-Diseased Cat with FCoV M1058L Mutation: Clinical and Pathological Changes

Guarnieri,

Bertola,

Ferrari

et al. 2024

Animals

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“…For testing, pathogens of viral origin (FCoV, CaCoV, FCV, and FPV) with varying levels of resistance, commonly found in shelters and other facilities with higher concentrations of cats, were used. Coronaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses that can be eliminated from the environment relatively easily using common disinfectants [16]. A virus that may be considered more resistant (characterized by a high level of resistance to many disinfectants [17]) is the feline calicivirus, a non-enveloped RNA virus able to survive in the environment for 1 month [18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the Application of Gaseous Ozone on Selected Pathogens Found in Animal Shelters and Other Facilities

Vojtkovská,

Lobová,

Voslářová

et al. 2023

Animals

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Correctly selecting disinfection procedures is crucial in facilities housing a high number of animals as it directly affects their health. The aim of this study was to verify the virucidal effect of gaseous ozone delivered by commercially available generators under controlled experimental conditions on a selection of viral pathogens (feline coronavirus, canine coronavirus, feline calicivirus, feline parvovirus) commonly found in shelters and other facilities. Two ozone generators with outputs of 3.5 g/h and 20 g/h were used to produce ozone. Virus viability after the application of ozone was evaluated by examining for typical pathogen-specific cytopathic effects on the CRFK (Crandell–Rees Feline Kidney) cell line post-incubation. No cytopathic effect was observed in feline coronavirus after the 2-h application of ozone; in canine coronavirus, the absence of a cytopathic effect was observed after the 4-h application of ozone. The absence of a cytopathic effect in feline calicivirus was observed after the 6-h application of ozone; the viability of feline parvovirus was not impaired even by the 6-h application of ozone. The results of the study confirm lower resistance to the application of gaseous ozone in enveloped viruses.

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“…These coronaviruses share similar biological features, including high transmissibility and prevalence, frequent recombination events, potential for persistence, and potential to cause significant disease in their respective hosts [2,5,[9][10][11][12][13][14]. Estimates of FCoV seroprevalence reach 87% in cats living in high density environments such as shelters and catteries [1,[15][16][17]. In these environments where FCoV is endemic, as many as 5-10% of cats may develop one of a spectrum of viral mutations that cause fatal systemic FIP [18,19].…”

Section: Feline Infectious Peritonitis (Fip) Is a Fatal Disease Cause...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Feline Infectious Peritonitis mRNA Vaccine Elicits Both Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Mice

Brostoff,

Savage,

Jackson

et al. 2024

Vaccines

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Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a devastating and often fatal disease caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV). Currently, there is no widely used vaccine for FIP, and many attempts using a variety of platforms have been largely unsuccessful due to the disease’s highly complicated pathogenesis. One such complication is antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) seen in FIP, which occurs when sub-neutralizing antibody responses to viral surface proteins paradoxically enhance disease. A novel vaccine strategy is presented here that can overcome the risk of ADE by instead using a lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated mRNA encoding the transcript for the internal structural nucleocapsid (N) FCoV protein. Both wild type and, by introduction of silent mutations, GC content-optimized mRNA vaccines targeting N were developed. mRNA durability in vitro was characterized by quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR and protein expression by immunofluorescence assay for one week after transfection of cultured feline cells. Both mRNA durability and protein production in vitro were improved with the GC-optimized construct as compared to wild type. Immune responses were assayed by looking at N-specific humoral (by ELISA) and stimulated cytotoxic T cell (by flow cytometry) responses in a proof-of-concept mouse vaccination study. These data together demonstrate that an LNP–mRNA FIP vaccine targeting FCoV N is stable in vitro, capable of eliciting an immune response in mice, and provides justification for beginning safety and efficacy trials in cats.

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Feline Coronavirus and Feline Infectious Peritonitis

Cited by 3 publications

References 42 publications

Myocarditis in an FIP-Diseased Cat with FCoV M1058L Mutation: Clinical and Pathological Changes

Myocarditis in an FIP-Diseased Cat with FCoV M1058L Mutation: Clinical and Pathological Changes

Impact of the Application of Gaseous Ozone on Selected Pathogens Found in Animal Shelters and Other Facilities

Feline Infectious Peritonitis mRNA Vaccine Elicits Both Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Mice

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