Feline Coronavirus 3c Protein: A Candidate for a Virulence Marker?

Hora, Aline Santana da; Tonietti, Paloma O.; Taniwaki, Sueli Akemi; Asano, Karen Miyuki; Maiorka, Paulo César; Richtzenhain, Leonardo José; Brandão, Paulo Eduardo

doi:10.1155/2016/8560691

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…FCoV replication, like replication of all RNA viruses, is prone to error [165]. Multiple individual mutations occur during each cycle of viral replication [12,58,166,167]. It is hypothesized that specific mutations or a combination of mutations then lead to the development of the virulent pathotype FIPV and trigger the tropism switch from enterocytes to macrophages as a key event in FIP pathogenesis [4,153,168].…”

Section: Detection Of Fcov Mutationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis: A Review of the Current Literature

Felten

Hartmann

2019

Viruses

116

164

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Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease that poses several challenges for veterinarians: clinical signs and laboratory changes are non-specific, and there are two pathotypes of the etiologic agent feline coronavirus (FCoV), sometimes referred to as feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) that vary fundamentally in their virulence, but are indistinguishable by a number of diagnostic methods. This review focuses on all important steps every veterinary practitioner has to deal with and new diagnostic tests that can be considered when encountering a cat with suspected FIP with the aim to establish a definitive diagnosis. It gives an overview on all available direct and indirect diagnostic tests and their sensitivity and specificity reported in the literature in different sample material. By providing summarized data for sensitivity and specificity of each diagnostic test and each sample material, which can easily be accessed in tables, this review can help to facilitate the interpretation of different diagnostic tests and raise awareness of their advantages and limitations. Additionally, diagnostic trees depict recommended diagnostic steps that should be performed in cats suspected of having FIP based on their clinical signs or clinicopathologic abnormalities. These steps can easily be followed in clinical practice.

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Section: Detection Of Fcov Mutationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis: A Review of the Current Literature

Felten

Hartmann

2019

Viruses

116

164

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“…Feline coronaviruses (FCoV) belong to the genus Alpha-coronavirus within the subfamily Coronavirinae of the family Coronaviridae in the order Nidovirales [ 1 ]. FCoV include the feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) and the feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) [ 2 ]. Similar to other coronaviruses, such as the SARS and MERS viruses, FIPV infections are distributed worldwide and can cause a fatal pathogenic disease FIP in their hosts, thus, seriously endangering the life and health of cats [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive Evolution of Feline Coronavirus Genes Based on Selection Analysis

Xia

Zhao

et al. 2020

BioMed Research International

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Purpose. We investigated sequences of the feline coronaviruses (FCoV), which include feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), from China and other countries to gain insight into the adaptive evolution of this virus. Methods. Ascites samples from 31 cats with suspected FIP and feces samples from 8 healthy cats were screened for the presence of FCoV. Partial viral genome sequences, including parts of the nsp12-nsp14, S, N, and 7b genes, were obtained and aligned with additional sequences obtained from the GenBank database. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis was conducted, and the possibility of recombination within these sequences was assessed. Analysis of the levels of selection pressure experienced by these sequences was assessed using methods on both the PAML and Datamonkey platforms. Results. Of the 31 cats investigated, two suspected FIP cats and one healthy cat tested positive for FCoV. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all of the sequences from mainland China cluster together with a few sequences from the Netherlands as a distinct clade when analyzed with FCoV sequences from other countries. Fewer than 3 recombination breakpoints were detected in the nsp12-nsp14, S, N, and 7b genes, suggesting that analyses for positive selection could be conducted. A total of 4, 12, 4, and 4 positively selected sites were detected in the nsp12-nsp14, S, N, and 7b genes, respectively, with the previously described site 245 of the S gene, which distinguishes FIPV from FECV, being a positive selection site. Conversely, 106, 168, 25, and 17 negative selection sites in the nsp12-14, S, N, and 7b genes, respectively, were identified. Conclusion. Our study provides evidence that the FCoV genes encoding replicative, entry, and virulence proteins potentially experienced adaptive evolution. A greater number of sites in each gene experienced negative rather than positive selection, which suggests that most of the protein sequence must be conservatively maintained for virus survival. A few of the sites showing evidence of positive selection might be associated with the more severe pathology of FIPV or help these viruses survive other harmful conditions.

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“…There has been evidence that mutations in accessory genes and the S gene of FCoVs are associated with FIP development. So far, most of these studies compared less virulent FCoVs from healthy cats with FCoVs in animals suffering from FIP [18,20,22,[40][41][42][43]. In the present study, we investigated the ORFs 3abc and 7b and the S gene mutations of viral sequences identified in different organs and feces of healthy cats that had been experimentally infected with different FCoV field strains and had developed a systemic FCoV infection [14].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

FCoV Viral Sequences of Systemically Infected Healthy Cats Lack Gene Mutations Previously Linked to the Development of FIP

et al. 2020

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Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)—the deadliest infectious disease of young cats in shelters or catteries—is induced by highly virulent feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) emerging in infected hosts after mutations of less virulent FCoVs. Previous studies have shown that some mutations in the open reading frames (ORF) 3c and 7b and the spike (S) gene have implications for the development of FIP, but mainly indirectly, likely also due to their association with systemic spread. The aim of the present study was to determine whether FCoV detected in organs of experimentally FCoV infected healthy cats carry some of these mutations. Viral RNA isolated from different tissues of seven asymptomatic cats infected with the field strains FCoV Zu1 or FCoV Zu3 was sequenced. Deletions in the 3c gene and mutations in the 7b and S genes that have been shown to have implications for the development of FIP were not detected, suggesting that these are not essential for systemic viral dissemination. However, deletions and single nucleotide polymorphisms leading to truncations were detected in all nonstructural proteins. These were found across all analyzed ORFs, but with significantly higher frequency in ORF 7b than ORF 3a. Additionally, a previously unknown homologous recombination site was detected in FCoV Zu1.

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Feline Coronavirus 3c Protein: A Candidate for a Virulence Marker?

Cited by 15 publications

References 24 publications

Diagnosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis: A Review of the Current Literature

Diagnosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis: A Review of the Current Literature

Adaptive Evolution of Feline Coronavirus Genes Based on Selection Analysis

FCoV Viral Sequences of Systemically Infected Healthy Cats Lack Gene Mutations Previously Linked to the Development of FIP

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