Feeding Whole Thraustochytrid Biomass to Cultured Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Fingerlings: Culture Performance and Fatty Acid Incorporation

Chang, Kim Jye Lee; Parrish, Christopher C.; Simon, Cedric J.; Revill, Andrew T.; Nichols, Peter D.

doi:10.3390/jmse8030207

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…So far, only few studies have reported the effects of whole S. limacinum cell biomass in fish diet on fish growth performance and most of them were focused on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (Carter et al, 2003;Kousoulaki et al, 2015;Katerina et al, 2020;Lee Chang et al, 2020;Hart et al, 2021). In agreement with our data, results from those studies commonly indicated normal fish growth, demonstrating that S. limacinum is a source of highly digestible (98%) PUFAs and proteins for farmed fish.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Although several studies have examined the replacement of dietary FO with MO from Schizochytrium spp. in fish and shrimp feeds (Harel et al, 2002;O'Grady and Morgan, 2011;Lung et al, 2016;Katiyar et al, 2017;Allen et al, 2019;Glencross et al, 2020b), only very few studies have reported using the whole of cell biomass of this strain in fish feeds (Kousoulaki et al, 2015;Katerina et al, 2020;Lee Chang et al, 2020;Hart et al, 2021). By using the harvested Schizochytrium spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using Glycerol to Produce European Sea Bass Feed With Oleaginous Microbial Biomass: Effects on Growth Performance, Filet Fatty Acid Profile, and FADS2 Gene Expression

et al. 2021

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Using a circular economy concept, the present study investigated the use of crude glycerol, a primary by-product of biodiesel production, as a low-priced nutrient source for heterotrophic cultivation of the fungus-like protist Schizochytrium limacinum SR21 strain. The whole biomass of this oleaginous microorganism, rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and high-quality proteins, was then paired with a vegetable oil (VO) source and used to replace fish oil (FO) in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) feeds. Four nutritionally balanced diets were formulated: diet FO (a FO-based diet), diet VO + 0 (a VO-based diet without S. limacinum), and diets VO + 5 and VO + 10 that were VO-based feeds supplemented with 5 and 10% of S. limacinum, respectively. After a 3-month feeding trial, fish of all dietary groups tripled their initial weight, but growth and feeding efficiencies of D. labrax were not significantly different among treatments. Although the formulated diets were balanced for polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), fish fed with feeds containing either VO or VO plus 5 and 10% of S. limacinum biomass had significantly higher levels of PUFAs in the flesh than fish fed the FO-based diet. Values of health-related lipid indexes, such as atherogenicity index, thrombogenicity index, and flesh lipid quality as well as n-6/n-3 and PUFAs/SFAs ratios confirmed the high nutritional value of sea bass filet, thus representing a healthy product for human consumption. Although the PUFAs/SFAs ratio showed a significantly higher value in fish fed with VO-based diets supplemented with S. limacinum than in those fed with FO diet, suggesting a better filet quality, the n-6/n-3 ratio clearly indicated that filet quality of dietary group FO was best (value of 0.55) and that of group VO + 10 second best (value of 0.98). We also evaluated the nutritional regulation of Δ6-desaturase (or fads2) gene expression in European sea bass liver. European sea bass fed the VO + 0 diet had the highest number of mRNA copies for Δ6-desaturase (or fads2), fish fed with diet VO + 10 the lowest. Our study adds to the growing body of literature concerning the use of thraustochytrid biomass as a valid alternative to marine-derived raw materials for European sea bass feeds.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Glycerol to Produce European Sea Bass Feed With Oleaginous Microbial Biomass: Effects on Growth Performance, Filet Fatty Acid Profile, and FADS2 Gene Expression

et al. 2021

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“…Additionally, the authors found no impacts on the sensory attributes of the flesh from fish fed the Schizochytrium SCP based on the analysis of a trained sensory panel [115]. In addition to reporting enhanced levels of DHA in the flesh of Atlantic salmon fed a different Schizochytrium SCP, Sprague et al [122] also reported a reduction in the levels of persistent organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls.…”

Section: Product Quality Influencesmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Similarly, Chang et al [122] fed whole thraustochytrid (Aurantiochytrium sp. TC20) biomass to S. salar fingerlings to successfully replace the fishoil component in their diets.…”

Section: Salmonidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Application of Single-Cell Ingredients in Aquaculture Feeds—A Review

Glencross

Huyben

Schrama

2020

Fishes

116

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Single-cell ingredients (SCI) are a relatively broad class of materials that encompasses bacterial, fungal (yeast), microalgal-derived products or the combination of all three microbial groups into microbial bioflocs and aggregates. In this review we focus on those dried and processed single-cell organisms used as potential ingredients for aqua-feeds where the microorganisms are considered non-viable and are used primarily to provide protein, lipids or specific nutritional components. Among the SCI, there is a generalised dichotomy in terms of their use as either single-cell protein (SCP) resources or single-cell oil (SCO) resources, with SCO products being those oleaginous products containing 200 g/kg or more of lipids, whereas those products considered as SCP resources tend to contain more than 300 g/kg of protein (on a dry basis). Both SCP and SCO are now widely being used as protein/amino acid sources, omega-3 sources and sources of bioactive molecules in the diets of several species, with the current range of both these ingredient groups being considerable and growing. However, the different array of products becoming available in the market, how they are produced and processed has also resulted in different nutritional qualities in those products. In assessing this variation among the products and the application of the various types of SCI, we have taken the approach of evaluating their use against a set of standardised evaluation criteria based around key nutritional response parameters and how these criteria have been applied against salmonids, shrimp, tilapia and marine fish species.

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“…For example, species of the genera Thraustochytrium , Nannochloropsis , Attheya , Pseudonitzschia , and Rhodomonas possess the ability to produce a number of LC omega-3 containing oils, especially DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5ω3). This has led to a growing interest in the use of marine protist class thraustochytrid-derived oils for human nutrition and aquaculture feed, with nutritional and functional benefits [ 4 , 5 ]. Our previous studies have shown the high triacylglycerol (TAG) content in strain TC 20, containing high proportions of omega-3 LC-PUFA, in particular DHA [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Docosahexaenoic Acid Is Naturally Concentrated at the sn-2 Position in Triacylglycerols of the Australian Thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. Strain TC 20

Lee-Chang

Taylor

Drummond³

et al. 2021

Marine Drugs

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The Labyrinthulomycetes or Labyrinthulea are a class of protists that produce a network of filaments that enable the cells to glide along and absorb nutrients. One of the main two Labyrinthulea groups is the thraustochytrids, which are becoming an increasingly recognised and commercially used alternate source of long-chain (LC, ≥C20) omega-3 containing oils. This study demonstrates, to our knowledge for the first time, the regiospecificity of the triacylglycerol (TAG) fraction derived from Australian thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. strain TC 20 obtained using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C NMR) analysis. The DHA present in the TC 20 TAG fraction was determined to be concentrated in the sn-2 position, with TAG (16:0/22:6/16:0) identified as the main species present. The sn-2 preference is similar to that found in salmon and tuna oil, and differs to seal oil containing largely sn-1,3 LC-PUFA. A higher concentration of sn-2 DHA occurred in the thraustochytrid TC 20 oil compared to that of tuna oil.

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Feeding Whole Thraustochytrid Biomass to Cultured Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Fingerlings: Culture Performance and Fatty Acid Incorporation

Cited by 13 publications

References 28 publications

Using Glycerol to Produce European Sea Bass Feed With Oleaginous Microbial Biomass: Effects on Growth Performance, Filet Fatty Acid Profile, and FADS2 Gene Expression

Using Glycerol to Produce European Sea Bass Feed With Oleaginous Microbial Biomass: Effects on Growth Performance, Filet Fatty Acid Profile, and FADS2 Gene Expression

The Application of Single-Cell Ingredients in Aquaculture Feeds—A Review

Docosahexaenoic Acid Is Naturally Concentrated at the sn-2 Position in Triacylglycerols of the Australian Thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. Strain TC 20

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