Feeding the newborn baby

Davies, Pamela

doi:10.1079/pns19690013

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Meanwhile there have been numerous reviews citing the considerable advantages to human infants of receiving human milk and of being breast fed (Gunther, 1963;Jelliffe, 1968;Mac Keith, 1969;Davies, 1969;Baum, 1971). While paediatric opinion has strengthened in favour of mothers breast feeding their babies, there are few recent facts to show if this is having any impact upon infant feeding patterns in our society.…”

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confidence: 99%

Factors influencing breast feeding.

McKean¹,

Baum²,

Sloper³

1975

Archives of Disease in Childhood

109

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A survey is reported of infant feeding practice at the time of discharge from a single maternity ward. It is shown that a change in the attitude of nursing staff increased the number of mothers breast feeding their infants and eliminated the practice of giving the infants formula feed complements. This change in attitude, however, did nothing to prevent the rapid decline in lactation after leaving hospital, such that 50% of mothers discharged breast feeding were no longer doing so by 2 months. The early introduction of solid feeds was common practice, 50% of mothers discharged breast feeding having introduced mixed feeds within 2 months. Successful lactation was found to be commoner in those mothers who had themselves been breast fed in infancy and in mothers from socioeconomic classes I and II. Successful lactation was not related to parity. The survey also shows the influential role of the health visitor, district nurse, and midwife upon mothers' decisions about infant feeding.

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confidence: 99%

Factors influencing breast feeding.

McKean¹,

Baum²,

Sloper³

1975

Archives of Disease in Childhood

109

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“…Despite the considerable advantages of breastfeeding, [1][2][3] breast-feeding rates have declined. 4,5 We investigated current infant-feeding practices among a representative sample of Saudi mothers living in Riyadh.…”

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Infant Feeding Practices in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

1988

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Infant-feeding patterns were studied in 6,623 randomly selected Saudi families living in Riyadh. The 4,796 infants studied were under 1 year of age and were fed with breast milk plus bottle complements. Bottle-feeding was started in 27.3% of infants during the first month after birth. The mean age at which solid food was introduced was 3.45 months. The overall results suggest a decreasing incidence of breast-feeding along with diminishing length of nursing period.AR Al-Frayh, SS. Wong, KN. Hague, Infant Feeding Practices in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 1988; 8(3): 194-197 MeSH KEYWORDS: Feeding behavior-in infancy and childhood Infant-feeding habits in a community are constantly changing. Despite the considerable advantages of breastfeeding, 1-3 breast-feeding rates have declined. 4,5 We investigated current infant-feeding practices among a representative sample of Saudi mothers living in Riyadh. The study was part of a larger survey being conducted to determine the auxanological variance and growth standards among Saudi preschool children. Materials and MethodsThe study consisted of a community field survey using a structured questionnaire of 6,623 randomly selected Saudi families living in the Riyadh area.The sample design was essentially based on quota sampling using two interlocked controls of preschoolers' age and sex. To introduce the necessary element of randomness (both geographic and socioeconomic) during the actual selection process, a stratified three-stage random sampling frame of Riyadh administrative areas and roads was established.The city of Riyadh was first divided into 93 administrative areas. These areas were further divided into six strata according to socioeconomic homogeneity. About one fifth of the identified areas in each stratum were chosen randomly to be included in the study. Based on random selection, 17 of 93 areas were selected for the survey. Each randomly selected area was further subdivided into roads. Altogether, there were 1,376 roads in the 17 randomly selected areas. To obtain an overall sampling fraction of 1/30, about one sixth of the roads in each of the 17 areas selected from the first sampling stage were chosen randomly (224 roads). Finally, each road was subsequently divided into smaller, more manageable blocks of approximately equal size, and a sample of such blocks was randomly selected and surveyed.

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Nutritive value of meat meals II. —influence of raw materials and processing on protein quality

Atkinson

Carpenter

1970

J Sci Food Agric

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Commercial meat meals have shown low net protein utilisation values with rats of about 32, which is only 40% of the corresponding value for freeze-dried meat or gut. Biological assays for methionine and tryptophan, based on the weight gains of chicks, have shown a similar inferiority of meat meals despite 81-87% digestibility of their N. It is concluded that the lysine, methionine and tryptophan of the meat meals are approximately 80% available and that dilution of muscle protein with tendon and ossein in the raw material is at least as important as processing damage in reducing the quality of the products. It is argued that previous estimates of only 30% availability of methionine in meat meals are erroneous. Further problems in the use of values for fluorodinitrobenzene-available lysine and Streptococcus zymogenes-available trytophan are discussed. IntroductionNo single test can provide all the information required about the protein quality of a test material since this is a function of the quantities of each of the essential amino acids that it provides. It has long been realised that meat meals are low in some essential amino acids and this has been related to raw materials used in their manufacture.l Previous reports have shown only small differences among the digestibility values of meat meal samples, which were generally similar to those of fishmeals. All values are high, both by in vitro and in vivoThe presence of amino acids in an unavailable form in meat meals has been reported.5.7-lo On the basis of microbiological determination,*, 9 meat meals, on average, appeared to have 1.8 g/16 g N total and 0*6g/16 g N 'available' methionine indicating a high degree of damage to methionine during meat-meal processing. However, lower total and higher available methionine figures by chemical and chickassay methods respectively, have been found.7.11 The biological performance of meat meals has been correlated with their available amino acid content. 5J2-15 In the present study both commercial meals and laboratory preparations have been used to investigate the protein quality of meat meals. Experimental MaterialsMost of these have already been described in Part I of this series.16 Ossein samples were prepared by removing the connective tissues, etc., from bone which was then degreased at a low temperature. The mineral matter was removed by treatment with dilute hydrochloric acid at a temperature below 10" and the material was then washed until acid-free and dried at a temperature not exceeding 40". This material was given the code X824. Half of it was heated in tallow at 110" for 14 h and then refluxed with light petroleum ether for an hour and the solvent was removed; the product was given the code X825. Evaluation procedures Amino acid analysesChemical procedures.-Acid hydrolysates, prepared as for the determination of total lysine,17 were analysed for amino acids on an accelerated-column chromatographic system after the basic method.18For further materials, samples were oxidised with performic acid and then hyd...

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Feeding the newborn baby

Cited by 10 publications

References 31 publications

Factors influencing breast feeding.

Factors influencing breast feeding.

Infant Feeding Practices in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Nutritive value of meat meals II. —influence of raw materials and processing on protein quality

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