Feeding success of African wild dogs ( Lycaon pictus ) in the Serengeti: the effects of group size and kleptoparasitism

Abstract

Longer-term ecosystem level dynamics are often neglected in conservation studies involving single species. In this study, a retrospective analysis is presented on the feeding performance of African wild dogs Lycaon pictus in the Serengeti in relation to a competing species, the spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, to test whether hyenas had an effect on feeding performance of wild dogs in this ecosystem. Our analysis is based on observations of over 700 wild dog kills recorded over a 20-year period (from 1964 to 1987) during which time there was a decline in wild dog numbers (ending with their local extinction in 1991) and a twofold increase in hyena density. Overall, the amount of time that dogs had access to the kill (access time) decreased with increasing numbers of hyenas attending kills, but access time increased with increasing hunting-group size of dogs and carcass mass. In addition, in the 1980s, dogs spent longer at kills than in the 1970s for a given set of conditions, including when hyenas were absent. Our analysis demonstrates a greater potential for group benefits than was found in a previous study (Carbone, Du Toit et al., 1997). Hunting-group sizes of between two and six dogs performed best when hyenas attended dog kills because the benefits of increased defence outweighed the costs of having to share the carcass with more dogs. Hunting-group sizes of wild dog and levels of hyena attendance at the kill broadly paralleled the population trends in these species, with hunting-group sizes of wild dog declining, followed by hyena attendance increasing. Despite the combined effects of increased hyena attendance and reduced hunting-group size, dogs in the 1980s typically spent longer feeding and consumed more of the carcass including the poorest sections. This suggests that dogs in the 1980s may have been under greater energetic stress.

Wolves, people, and brown bears influence the expansion of the recolonizing wolf population in Scandinavia

“…As in the lynx case, bear kleptoparasitism could be quite costly during the wolf pup nursing period, when a continuous food supply is needed and fewer members of the wolf pack are available for hunting. Such an effect might be larger for small wolf packs and it has been shown that the effects of kleptoparasitism differ in relation to group size of the affected species (Carbone et al 2005). Loss of food to scavengers is indeed important for wolf foraging ecology.…”

Human–carnivore conflict over livestock in the eastern part of the Serengeti ecosystem, with a particular focus on the African wild dogLycaon pictus

“…Normally, the densities and behaviour of wild dogs are negatively affected by the presence of other carnivore species in the Serengeti National Park (Estes & Goddard, 1967). Lions may directly cause pup mortality in wild dogs (Creel & Creel, 1996), and spotted hyaenas follow wild dogs hunting and steal their kills (Estes & Goddard, 1967;Creel & Creel, 1996;Carbone et al, 1997Carbone et al, , 2005. For these reasons wild dogs are normally found in areas with low densities of other carnivores (Creel & Creel, 1996;Vucetich & Creel, 1999).…”

First- and second-order sociality determine survival and reproduction in cooperative cichlids

“…Group size, for instance, can affect a group's success and the fitness of group members [10,11]. Larger groups have been shown to yield higher survival [12,13], higher reproductive output [14,15] and better foraging success [16,17] to group members in a wide range of animals. In cooperatively breeding species, increased cooperation levels are expected to enhance group performance [10], and indeed greater numbers of helpers often increase the reproductive output of groups [18][19][20].…”