Feeding Laying Hens Stearidonic Acid-Enriched Soybean Oil, as Compared to Flaxseed Oil, More Efficiently Enriches Eggs with Very Long-Chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Abstract

The desaturation of α-linolenic acid (ALA) to stearidonic acid (SDA) is considered to be rate-limiting for the hepatic conversion of ALA to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in humans, rodents, and chickens. Thus, we hypothesized that feeding laying hens SDA, as a component of the oil derived from the genetic modification of the soybean, would bypass this inefficient metabolic step and result in the enrichment of eggs with EPA and DHA at amounts comparable to that achieved by direct supplementation of hens' diet with these very long-chain (VLC) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In a 28-d study, laying hens incorporated 0.132 mg, 0.041 mg, or 0.075 mg of VLC n-3 PUFAs into egg yolk for each milligram of ingested dietary ALA derived primarily from conventional soybean oil (CON), dietary ALA derived primarily from flaxseed oil (FLAX), or dietary SDA derived from SDA-enriched soybean oil, respectively. Moreover, the amounts of total yolk VLC n-3 PUFAs in eggs from hens fed the CON (51 mg), FLAX (91 mg), or SDA (125 mg) oils were markedly less than the 305 mg found in eggs from fish oil-fed hens. Unexpectedly, SDA appeared to be more readily incorporated into adipose tissue than into egg yolk. Since egg yolk FAs typically reflect the hens' dietary pattern, these tissue-specific differences suggest the existence of an alternate pathway for the hepatic secretion and transport of SDA in the laying hen.

An Updated Review on Chicken Eggs: Production, Consumption, Management Aspects and Nutritional Benefits to Human Health

“…Using flax seed soil, the desaturation of α-linolenic acid (ALA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is considered to be slowest for the hepatic conversion of ALA to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA. Whereas soybean oil enriched with SDA reported to be readily incorporated into adipose tissue than into egg yolk, and as such more efficiently enriches eggs with very long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids [70]. This suggests an alternate pathway for the hepatic secretion and transport of SDA in the laying hen.…”

Influence of feeding stearidonic acid (18:4n-3)-enriched soybean oil, as compared to conventional soybean oil, on tissue deposition of very long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in meat-type chickens

“…Individual fatty acids were separated and quantified by gas-liquid chromatography equipped with a fused-silica capillary column (SP2560; 100 m × 25 mm i.d. with 0.2-m film thickness; Supelco, Inc., Bellefonte, PA) and a flame ionization detector as described by Elkin et al (2015). Fatty acid concentration and methylation efficiencies were determined using dual external standards (13:0 free fatty acid and 17:1 methyl ester; Nu-Chek Prep, Inc., Elysian, MN).…”

“…Total RNA extraction, RNA concentration and quality assessment, and cDNA synthesis were determined as previously described (Elkin et al, 2015). Expression of long chain fatty acid desaturases (SCD1, FADS1, and FADS2), fatty acid elongases (ELOVL2, ELOVL5, and ELOVL6), a lipogenic enzyme (FASN), a cholesterol synthesis enzyme (HMGCR), fatty acid oxidation enzymes (CPT1a and ACOX1), lipogenic transcription factors (SREBP1 and MLX), and two housekeeping genes (BACT and B2M) was determined in quadruplicate by relative quantification SYBR Green Real-Time PCR (PerfeCTa ® SYBR ® Green Supermix with ROX TM , Quanta BioSciences, Gaithersburg, MD) using an 7900 Fast Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Grand Island, NY).…”

“…Expression of long chain fatty acid desaturases (SCD1, FADS1, and FADS2), fatty acid elongases (ELOVL2, ELOVL5, and ELOVL6), a lipogenic enzyme (FASN), a cholesterol synthesis enzyme (HMGCR), fatty acid oxidation enzymes (CPT1a and ACOX1), lipogenic transcription factors (SREBP1 and MLX), and two housekeeping genes (BACT and B2M) was determined in quadruplicate by relative quantification SYBR Green Real-Time PCR (PerfeCTa ® SYBR ® Green Supermix with ROX TM , Quanta BioSciences, Gaithersburg, MD) using an 7900 Fast Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Grand Island, NY). Gene specific primers (intron spanning when possible) were designed using Primer-BLAST (NCBI) and validated for linearity and efficiency as described in Elkin et al (2015). Gene expression was quantified relative to a standard curve of serially diluted cDNA in each plate.…”

Aplicação de planejamento fatorial na oxidação de óleos contendo diferentes tipos de ácidos graxos ômega 3

“…These results were applied to identify the effect of 176 each inducer and their interactions in the reaction. Figure 1 presents [21][22][23] . The major volatile compounds reported that the relative volatile composition changes according to the method used to perform the 249 analysis.…”