Feeding frequency for lactating cows: effects on rumen fermentation and blood metabolites and hormones

Sutton, John; Hart, I. C.; Broster, W. H.; Elliott, R.; Schuller, E

doi:10.1079/bjn19860098

Cited by 112 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In a preliminary experiment using a fistulated sheep, postprandial concentrations of propionate in the rumen increased as the PL:OR ratio of the diets was raised. The ratio of acetate to propionate in the rumen was low when cattle were fed highconcentrate diets (Sutton et al 1986;Peters et al 1990). Therefore, it seems that the PL diet results in a more concentrate-type fermentation than the OR diet.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Neither diet nor cold exposure influenced basal concentrations of plasma insulin. However, possibilities that the insulin status of the sheep differed could not be excluded because both factors influenced insulin responses to secretogogues and insulin action (Sasaki & Takahashi 1980;Sasaki et al 1982;Weekes et al 1983;Sutton et al 1986;Sano et al 1995Sano et al , 1999.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metabolism and glucose kinetics in sheep fed plantain and orchard grass and exposed to cold

Sano

Tamura

Shiga

2002

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research

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To investigate the characteristics of plantain (PL), a forage herb, as a feed for ruminants, chemical components, energy digestibility, rumen constituents, concentrations of blood metabolites (glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, lactate, acetate, and propionate), and insulin were measured in four sheep fed PL and orchard grass (OR), a forage. Net blood glucose turnover rate in response to cold exposure (0-4°C on Day 5) was also determined using an isotope dilution method of [U-13 C]glucose. Dry matter intake was numerically lower for the PL diet than for the OR diet (942 versus 1154 g day -1 ), and was lower (P = 0.03) during cold exposure than in the thermoneutral environment (1009 versus 1087 g day -1 ). Energy digestibility was similar between the PL and OR diets. No significant differences in blood metabolite and insulin concentrations in plasma were detected between the PL and OR diets. Net blood glucose turnover rate was also similar between the diets. The rate increased (P = 0.002) during cold exposure, with no significant diet and environment interaction. The forage herb PL seems to be comparable to OR as regards digestive and metabolic characteristics and blood glucose metabolism of sheep.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolism and glucose kinetics in sheep fed plantain and orchard grass and exposed to cold

Sano

Tamura

Shiga

2002

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research

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“…An increase in the frequency of grain feeding to more than twice daily for cows on pasture has not been reported. Previous research (28,31) has shown that feeding twice daily causes an alteration in ruminal fermentation (i.e., fiber digestion) that might limit the amount of pasture that a cow can consume. Multiple daily feedings of concentrates may provide a daily synchrony of N and carbohydrate sources, may stabilize ruminal fermentation patterns (28), and may result in a more favorable environment for the growth of ruminal microbes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a Mobile Computerized Grain Feeder for Lactating Cows Grazing Grass Pasture

Hongerholt

Muller

Buckmaster

1997

Journal of Dairy Science

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The objective of this study was to evaluate a mobile computerized grain feeder for use to feed individually Holstein cows grazing grass pasture. Thirty-two Holstein cows averaging 95 d of lactation and 39.3 kg/d of milk were rotationally grazed on predominantly Dactylis glomerata pastures for 9 wk starting in early May. Cows were blocked according to parity, days of lactation, and milk yield. Cows were randomly assigned to a control group in which cows were individually fed grain twice daily at milking or to a group that was offered grain four times daily using a mobile grain feeder in the pasture. Cows in both groups were offered 1 kg of grain/3 kg of milk; pasture was the only source of forage. Cows fed using the mobile grain feeder consumed less grain than did control cows (9.3 vs. 11.3 kg/d) and tended to yield less milk, but with a higher fat content. A separate analysis was conducted using data from only those cows that were fed using the mobile grain feeder and that consumed, in four relatively equal amounts, at least 75% of the allotted grain of their respective pairmates ( 7 per group) in the control group. When cows that were using the mobile grain feeder consumed amounts of grain comparable with that of the controls, more frequent grain feeding did not alter milk yield or composition. Plasma samples (five per cow per treatment) were collected at 2-wk intervals to measure glucose, urea N, and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA). Plasma glucose and urea N were not affected by treatment and averaged 54.9 and 19.9 mg/ dl for all cows, respectively. Cows fed grain using the mobile feeder had higher (212.4 vs. 170.5 meq/L) concentrations of NEFA than did control cows, but, when cows consumed greater than 75% of their allotted grain from the mobile feeder, concentrations of NEFA were similar. The mobile grain feeder can be used to feed cows individually on pasture; however, adaptation of the cows to the mobile grain feeder appears to be important. ( Key words: grazing, grain supplementation, mobile grain feeder, lactating cows) Abbreviation key: BCS = body condition score, CF = computerized grain feeder, CGI = cumulative grain intake during a 24-h period, CI = consistency index, G6H = grain intake in a 6-h period, IVDMD = in vitro DM digestibility, PUN = plasma urea N, SP = soluble protein, TDMI = total DMI, TNC = total nonstructural carbohydrates.

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“…Although infusion of glucose does not stimulate insulin secretion, infusion of the VFA propionate, but not acetate, stimulates insulin secretion in ruminants [16]. When a roughage diet was fed, the proportion of propionate as gluconeogenesis source in the rumen VFA was low compared with a concentrate-based diet fed to ruminants [21]. Plasma insulin concentrations were lower for a high-roughage diet than for a high-concentrate diet in sheep [17].…”

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confidence: 96%

Comparison of Enzyme Activities in Plasma and Leukocytes in Dairy and Beef Cattle

Arai

Inoue

Takeguchi

et al. 2003

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. Concentrations of plasma glucose, immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and free fatty acid (FFA) and activities of enzymes related to energy metabolism and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme pattern in plasma and leukocytes were investigated in lactating Hols tein cows (dairy cattle) and fattening Japanese Black Wagyu x Holstein steers (beef cattle). IRI concentrations and LDH and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activities in the plasma of beef cattle were significantly higher than those in dairy cattle. The cytosolic rat io of MDH/ LDH activity in the leukocytes of beef cattle was significantly higher than that of dairy cattle. These findings might be associated with the different energy metabolism between dairy and beef cattle. KEY WORDS: beef cattle, insulin, malate dehydrogenase.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 65(11): 1241-1243, 2003 It has been reported that activities of enzymes related to energy metabolism including ATP production in peripheral leukocytes are very variable in animal species [23,24]. In particular, activities of enzymes in the malate-aspartate shuttle, which has a very important role in the transfer from cytosolic NADH to mitochondrial NADH [13], change remarkably according to variation in energy metabolism of animals [2]. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a tetrameric molecule made up of four subunits of the two parent molecules, the H and M subunits, and each tissue has a characteristic composition of isoenzymes [8]. The isoenzyme patterns of LDH are variable in plasma and leukocytes of each animal species [24]. Activities of enzymes related to energy metabolism in leukocytes are considered to reflect the metabolic states in animal tissues [2,3,24]. On the other hand, plasma glucose and insulin concentrations are different between dairy and beef cattle [12,15,20,22]. It has been reported that Japanese Black heifers have higher plasma insulin level at 18 mo of age than at or before 12 mo of age, whilst Holstein heifers have very similar values at all stages [19].In the present study, activities of enzymes in the malateaspartate shuttle and LDH and LDH isoenzyme pattern were determined in plasma and peripheral leukocytes of the lactating dairy cattle and the fattening beef cattle to clarify one aspect of the differences in energy metabolism between the dairy and beef cattle.Eight lactating dairy Holstein cows (5 to 8 years old) maintained with good quality hay and concentrates in the Fuji Animal Farm of our university and four fattening Japanese Black Wagyu × Holstein steers (2 years old) kept with high concentrate feed at a farm in Shimane Prefecture were used. Blood was withdrawn from the jugular vein into heparinized tubes, with the animals at rest and unfasted. The plasma was recovered by centrifugation at 4°C. Leukocytes were isolated by centrifugation with a lymphocyte-isolating solution (ICN Biochemical Inc., Aurora, OH, U.S.A.). Cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions of leukocytes were prepared by the method described previously [23]. The activities of the enzymes were measured by using reported met...

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Feeding frequency for lactating cows: effects on rumen fermentation and blood metabolites and hormones

Cited by 112 publications

References 14 publications

Metabolism and glucose kinetics in sheep fed plantain and orchard grass and exposed to cold

Metabolism and glucose kinetics in sheep fed plantain and orchard grass and exposed to cold

Evaluation of a Mobile Computerized Grain Feeder for Lactating Cows Grazing Grass Pasture

Comparison of Enzyme Activities in Plasma and Leukocytes in Dairy and Beef Cattle

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