Feeding Ecology of Subyearling Chinook Salmon in Riverine and Reservoir Habitats of the Columbia River

Rondorf, D.W.; Gray, Gerard A.; Fairley, Robert B.

doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1990)119<0016:feoscs>2.3.co;2

Cited by 43 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…These findings are consistent with two earlier studies comparing the use of the water column and the diets of juvenile salmonids from areas of slow-and fast-running water (Irvine & Northcote 1982, Rondorf et al 1990) .…”

Section: Types and Amounts Of Prey Consumed Vs Current Speedsupporting

confidence: 92%

Morphological and behavioural differences among recently-emerged brook charr,Salvelinus fontinalis, foraging in slow- vs. fast-running water

1994

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SynopsisMorphology and resource use were compared among recently-emerged brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis, sampled from field locations differing in current speed . Individuals from faster running water were slightly longer, and had more fusiform body shapes and larger caudal fin heights, than individuals from slower running water. In addition, individuals from faster running water also directed more foraging attempts toward the middle of the water column and fewer toward the benthos and water surface . They also ate more dipteran larvae, fewer aquatic crustaceans, and fewer insect pupae and adults . Individuals located in the slowest and fastest current speeds made fewer foraging attempts per min, on average, than individuals located in current speeds of intermediate magnitude . Dry weight of stomach contents did not vary significantly with current speed, however . The form of the relationship between body shape and current speed suggests that it is adaptive . Small-scale variation in the location of foraging sites may account for some of the individual variability in resource use often reported for stream salmonids . Variation in the locations of foraging sites may also entail a trade-off between an individual's swimming effort and the quality of prey it consumes . IntroductionStudies comparing individuals varying in morphology, physiology, or behaviour can be valuable in a variety of contexts including (i) evaluating the role that individual variation plays in the mechanisms regulating population sizes (DeAngelis et al . 1991), and (ii) establishing functional links between morphology or physiology and other aspects of an individual's ecology (e .g . habitat use, diet) (Ehlinger

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Section: Types and Amounts Of Prey Consumed Vs Current Speedsupporting

confidence: 92%

Morphological and behavioural differences among recently-emerged brook charr,Salvelinus fontinalis, foraging in slow- vs. fast-running water

1994

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“…While Yolo Bypass and the Sacramento River had similar levels of zooplankton, Yolo Bypass had more dipteran prey in the drift, particularly in 1998. Studies of juvenile chinook salmon diets by Rondorf et al (1990) showed that zooplankton were the least-favored prey items. Therefore, the dominance of zooplankton in the diets of Sacramento River salmon probably reflects a relatively low availability of other more energetically valuable prey items.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Floodplain rearing of juvenile chinook salmon: evidence of enhanced growth and survival

Sommer¹,

Nobriga²,

Harrell³

et al. 2001

Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

288

117

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In this study, we provide evidence that the Yolo Bypass, the primary floodplain of the lower Sacramento River (California, U.S.A.), provides better rearing and migration habitat for juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) than adjacent river channels. During 1998 and 1999, salmon increased in size substantially faster in the seasonally inundated agricultural floodplain than in the river, suggesting better growth rates. Similarly, coded-wiretagged juveniles released in the floodplain were significantly larger at recapture and had higher apparent growth rates than those concurrently released in the river. Improved growth rates in the floodplain were in part a result of significantly higher prey consumption, reflecting greater availability of drift invertebrates. Bioenergetic modeling suggested that feeding success was greater in the floodplain than in the river, despite increased metabolic costs of rearing in the significantly warmer floodplain. Survival indices for coded-wire-tagged groups were somewhat higher for those released in the floodplain than for those released in the river, but the differences were not statistically significant. Growth, survival, feeding success, and prey availability were higher in 1998 than in 1999, a year in which flow was more moderate, indicating that hydrology affects the quality of floodplain rearing habitat. These findings support the predictions of the flood pulse concept and provide new insight into the importance of the floodplain for salmon.Résumé : Notre étude démontre que le canal de dérivation Yolo, la principale plaine d'inondation de la région aval de la rivière Sacramento (Californie, É.-U.), offre de meilleurs habitats pour l'alevinage et la migration des jeunes Saumons Quinnat (Onchorhynchus tshawytscha) que les bras adjacents de la rivière. En 1998 et 1999, la taille des saumons a augmenté plus rapidement dans la plaine d'inondation agricole, sujette aux débordements saisonniers de crue, que dans la rivière, ce qui laisse croire à de meilleurs taux de croissance. De plus, des jeunes saumons marqués à l'aide de fils de métal codés et relâchés dans la plaine d'inondation étaient plus gros au moment de leur recapture et avaient des taux de croissance apparente plus élevés que des poissons relâchés dans la rivière en même temps. L'amélioration des taux de croissance dans la plaine de débordement résultait en partie d'une consommation significativement plus importante de proies, le reflet d'une plus grande disponibilité des invertébrés de la dérive. Un modèle bioénergétique laisse croire que le succès de l'alimentation a été meilleur dans la plaine d'inondation que dans la rivière, en dépit du coût métabolique d'alevinage significativement plus grand dans les eaux plus chaudes de la plaine d'inondation. Les indices de survie des poissons marqués et relâchés dans la plaine d'inondation étaient quelque peu plus élevés que ceux des poissons de la rivière, mais les différences n'étaient pas statistiquement significatives. La croissance, la survie, le succès de l'al...

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“…), and zooplankton (Sasaki 1966, Busby and Barnhart 1995, Rondorf et al 1990). Some time after they enter the ocean they switch over to primarily feeding on fishes (Brodeur 1991).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Natural Rearing System to Improve Supplemental Fish Quality, 1996-1998 Progress Report.

Maynard¹

2001

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ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis report covers the 1996-1998 Natural Rearing Enhancement System (NATURES) research for increasing hatchery salmon postrelease survival and producing fish with more wildlike behavior, physiology, and morphology prior to release. Experiments were conducted evaluating automatic subsurface feeders; natural diets; exercise systems; seminatural raceway habitat enriched with cover, structure, and substrate; and predator avoidance conditioning for hatchery salmonids. Automatic subsurface feed delivery systems did not affect chinook salmon depth distribution or vulnerability to avian predators. Live-food diets only marginally improved the ability of chinook salmon to capture prey in stream enclosures. A prototype exercise system that can be retrofitted to raceways was developed, however, initial testing indicated that severe amounts of exercise may increase inculture mortality. Rearing chinook salmon in seminatural raceway habitat with gravel substrate, woody debris structure, and overhead cover improved coloration and postrelease survival without impacting in-culture health or survival. Steelhead fry reared in enriched environments with structure, cover, and point source feeders dominated and outcompeted conventionally reared fish. Exposing chinook salmon to caged predators increased their postrelease survival. Chinook salmon showed an antipredator response to chemical stimuli from injured conspecifics and exhibited acquired predator recognition following exposure to paired predator-prey stimuli. The report also includes the 1997 Natural Rearing System Workshop proceedings.NATURES type research is called for in the Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Program (sections 7.2D.1-3) and the ESA Snake River Salmon Recovery Plan (sections 4.4.c-d). NATURES can be used to help restore depleted stocks within the Columbia River Basin. Conservation programs may benefit from increased postrelease survival to produce more recruits to the spawning population. Production programs can use NATURES to reduce their impact on wild-reared fish by releasing fewer smolts to negatively interact with wild fish, while maintaining their recruitment levels to the fishery.iii CONTENTS PagePreface v Over the history of the project, the effects of seminatural raceway habitats, automated underwater feeders, exercise current velocities, live food diets, and predator avoidance training have been investigated. The findings of these studies are reported here and in an earlier contract report ). The first section of the current report summarizes the earlier research results. The remainder of the report focuses on research that has been conducted between 1996 and 1998. This includes studies on the effect of seminatural raceway habitat, automated underwater feeders, live food diets, predator avoidance training, and exercise on salmon and steelhead trout. IntroductionTraditionally, salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) are reared in barren concrete raceways that lack natural substrate, in-stream structure, or overhead cover. The fish are fed in an u...

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Feeding Ecology of Subyearling Chinook Salmon in Riverine and Reservoir Habitats of the Columbia River

Cited by 43 publications

References 23 publications

Morphological and behavioural differences among recently-emerged brook charr,Salvelinus fontinalis, foraging in slow- vs. fast-running water

Morphological and behavioural differences among recently-emerged brook charr,Salvelinus fontinalis, foraging in slow- vs. fast-running water

Floodplain rearing of juvenile chinook salmon: evidence of enhanced growth and survival

Development of a Natural Rearing System to Improve Supplemental Fish Quality, 1996-1998 Progress Report.

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