Feeding by lepidopteran larvae is dangerous

Bernays, Elizabeth A.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2311.1997.00042.x

Cited by 223 publications

(178 citation statements)

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“…This may result from a positive correlation between resource availability, crown size and herbivore population sizes, regardless of tree species and other traits. Several other studies Herbivores in a host plant with large size have reduced costs of locomotion (Alonso & Herrera 1996), as well as risk of attack from natural enemies (Bernays 1997, Rijhimäki et al 2006, Ribeiro & Borges 2010. Monophagous herbivores, as several sap-sucking species (Denno & Perfect 1994), may also benefit from large host plants due to increasing feeding resource availability (Stiling & Moon 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrasting effects of sampling scale on insect herbivores distribution in response to canopy structure

Neves

Sperber

Campos

et al. 2013

RBT

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Species diversity of insect herbivores associated to canopy may vary local and geographically responding to distinct factors at different spatial scales. The aim of this study was to investigate how forest canopy structure affects insect herbivore species richness and abundance depending on feeding guilds´ specificities. We tested the hypothesis that habitat structure affects insect herbivore species richness and abundance differently to sap-sucking and chewing herbivore guilds. Two spatial scales were evaluated: inside tree crowns (fine spatial scale) and canopy regions (coarse spatial scale). In three sampling sites we measured 120 tree crowns, grouped in five points with four contiguous tree crowns. Insects were sampled by beating method from each crown and data were summed up for analyzing each canopy region. In crowns (fine spatial scale) we measured habitat structure: trunk circumference, tree height, canopy depth, number of ramifications and maximum ramification level. In each point, defined as a canopy region (coarse spatial scale), we measured habitat structure using a vertical cylindrical transect: tree species richness, leaf area, sum of strata heights and maximum canopy height. A principal component analysis based on the measured variables for each spatial scale was run to estimate habitat structure parameters. To test the effects of habitat structure upon herbivores, different general linear models were adjusted using the first two principal components as explanatory variables. Sap-sucking insect species richness and all herbivore abundances increased with size of crown at fine spatial scale. On the other hand, chewer species richness and abundance increased with resource quantity at coarse scale. Feeding specialization, resources availability, and agility are discussed as ecological causes of the found pattern. Rev. Biol. Trop. 61 (1): 125-137. Epub 2013 March 01.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrasting effects of sampling scale on insect herbivores distribution in response to canopy structure

Neves

Sperber

Campos

et al. 2013

RBT

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“…For example, behavioral ecologists have recognized the trade-off between growth rate and predation risk associated with the dangers of foraging (Stephens and Krebs 1986;Lima and Dill 1990). Here, the mechanism linking higher mortality risks to increased growth rate is the increased probability of encountering or being detected by predators when fast-growing animals increase their activity levels to locate and harvest additional resources (Werner and Anholt 1993;Bernays 1997;Anholt and Werner 1998). In response to this trade-off, foraging animals may balance the growth benefits of feeding against the costs of increased mortality risk in threat-sensitive (Gilliam and Fraser 1987;Anholt and Werner 1998) and state-dependent (Milinski and Heller 1978;Werner and Gilliam 1984) manners.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Intrinsic Growth and Energy Acquisition Rates. Ii. Trade-Offs With Vulnerability to Predation in Menidia Menidia

2001

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Abstract. The Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia) exhibits countergradient latitudinal variation in somatic growth rate along the East Coast of North America. Larvae and juveniles from high-latitude populations display higher intrinsic rates of energy consumption and growth than genotypes from low-latitude populations. The existence of submaximal growth in some environments suggests that trade-offs must counter the oft-cited theoretical benefits of energy and growth maximization (e.g., ''bigger is better,'' ''faster is better'') in the immature life stages. We hypothesized that energy and growth maximization trades off against investment in defense from predators. We conducted laboratory selection experiments to compare vulnerability to predation of silversides from: (1) fast-growing northern (Nova Scotia, NS) versus slow-growing southern (South Carolina, SC) source populations; (2) phenotypically manipulated fast-growing versus moderately-growing NS fish; and (3) recently fed versus unfed NS and SC fish. Tests involved fish drawn from common-garden environments and were conducted by subjecting mixed-treatment schools of sizematched silversides to natural, common piscine predators. NS silversides suffered significantly higher predation mortality than SC silversides. Parallel results were found in phenotypic manipulation of growth: NS silversides reared on a fast-growth trajectory (ϳ1.0 mm/day) were significantly more vulnerable to predation than those growing at a moderate rate (ϳ0.5 mm/day). Food consumption also affected vulnerability to predators: Silversides with large meals in their stomachs suffered significantly higher predation mortality than unfed silversides. Differences in predation vulnerability were likely due to swimming performance, not attractiveness to predators. Our findings demonstrate that maximization of energy intake and growth rate engenders fitness costs in the form of increased vulnerability to predation.Key words. Countergradient variation, evolutionary physiology, genotype-environment covariance, growth rate, latitude, life-history evolution, locomotory performance, optimal foraging theory. At what rate should immature organisms grow to maximize their fitness? Ecological theory suggests that natural selection favors genotypes that maximize net energy acquisition and growth (Lotka 1922;Ware 1982;Stearns 1992). Because rates of survival and reproductive output generally increase with size in many organisms, individuals that grow faster would reap the benefits of large size earlier in life and experience higher survival and fitness (Sauer and Slade 1987;Sogard 1997). Despite evidence and theoretical arguments to the contrary (Priede 1977;Calow 1982;Sibly et al. 1985;Abrams et al. 1996;Arendt 1997;Conover and Schultz 1997;Gotthard 2000), this faster-is-better paradigm is pervasive: Many life-history studies employ growth rate as a direct scalar of relative fitness among juveniles (e.g., Hatfield and Schluter 1999), and habitat quality is routinely evaluated based on positive associations...

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“…Development time is also likely to be under selection. Insect larvae such as those of our experimental species, the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta, are exposed to predators and parasitoids, and mortality due to these causes can exceed 95 per cent (Bernays 1997;Mira & Bernays 2002). It is therefore reasonable to expect that short development time would increase fitness by reducing the time the animal is exposed to parasitoids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conflicting processes in the evolution of body size and development time

Nijhout

Roff

Davidowitz

2010

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Body size and development time of Manduca sexta are both determined by the same set of three developmental -physiological factors. These define a parameter space within which it is possible to analyse and explain how phenotypic change is associated with changes in the underlying factors. Body size and development time are determined by the identical set of underlying factors, so they are not independent, but because the mechanisms by which these factors produce each phenotype are different, the two phenotypes are only weakly correlated, and the correlation is context dependent. We use a mathematical model of this mechanism to explore the association between body size and development time and show that the correlation between these two life-history traits can be positive, zero or negative, depending entirely on where in parameter space a population is located, and on which of the underlying factors has a greater variation. The gradient within this parameter space predicts the unconstrained evolutionary trajectory under directional selection on each trait. Calculations of the gradients for body size and development time revealed that these are nearly orthogonal through much of the parameter space. Therefore, simultaneous directional selection on body size and development time can be neither synergistic nor antagonistic but leads to conflicting selection on the underlying developmental parameters.

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Feeding by lepidopteran larvae is dangerous

Cited by 223 publications

References 0 publications

Contrasting effects of sampling scale on insect herbivores distribution in response to canopy structure

Contrasting effects of sampling scale on insect herbivores distribution in response to canopy structure

Evolution of Intrinsic Growth and Energy Acquisition Rates. Ii. Trade-Offs With Vulnerability to Predation in Menidia Menidia

Conflicting processes in the evolution of body size and development time

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