Feeding and Survival Responses ofReticulitermes flavipes(Kollar) to Extractives of Wood from 11 Coniferous Genera

Abstract

Keywords Coniferous wood Protozoa Termite resistance Wood extractives Reticulitenmes flavipes Schlüsselwörter (Sachgebiete) Nadelhölz-er Protozoen TerfFiiteflf-'esistenz Holzini lalttsstoffc s flavipes Feeding and Survival Responses of Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) to Extractives of Wood from u Coniferous GeneraSummary Woods unfavorable to Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) in a force-feeding test on heartwood blocks of 11 American coniferous genera included Port-Orford-cedar, eastern redcedar, western redcedar, baiacypress, redwood, and ponderosa pine. The same woods were not attacked in a choice test of all the woods except Port-Orford-cedar, which was omitted because of its toxicity. Only one of two sources of western redcedar was unfavorable in both force and choice tests; one source of western hemlock was not attacked in the choice test. In force-feeding tests on sawdusts, solventextracted sawdusts, and the corresponding wood extracts on filter paper, overall survival was best on test materials of Douglas-fir, subalpine fir, and western larch, followed by western hemlock and Engelmann spruce Many of the extracts prepared from the unfavorable woods contained substances detrimental to termite survival. Fraß-und Überlebensreaktionen von Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) gegenüber Holzinhaltsstoffen von ii NadelholzartenZusammenfassung Von ii amerikanischen Nadelholzarten erwiesen sich in einem Zwangsfraßversuch mit Kernholz-Klötzchen die Arten Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Pari., Juniperus virginiana L., Thuja plicata U. Don, Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich., Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl. und Pinus ponderosa Laws, als resistent gegen Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar). In einem Wahlversuch mit alien Holzarten ohne die toxische Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Pari, wurden die gleichen Holzer nicht betallen. Nur eine der Proben von Thuja plicata D. Don erwies sich als resistent sowohl m Zwangs-als auch Wahlversuchen; eine Probe der Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg, wurde im Wahlversuch nicht befallen. In Zwangsfraßversuchen mit Sägespänen bzw. mit extrahierten bagespanen sowie den entsprechenden Holzextrakten auf Filterpapier war die Überlebensrate insgesamt am besten bei Testproben von Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, Abies lasiocarpa CHook.) JNutt., Lanx occidental Nutt., dann folgten Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg, und Picea engelmanmi Parry. Viele der aus den existenten Hölzern gewonnenen Extrakte enthielten für Termiten toxische Bestandteile.

Ecology, pathology, and management of Port-Orford-Cedar (<em>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</em>).

“…The oil content of cedar apparently increases the wood's resistance to decay and termites (Carter and Smythe 1974) and is said to have insecticidal properties (Schenck 1912). The heartwood contains fewer compounds than do other Cupressaceae (Erdtman and Norin 1966), although it seems to have been less completely studied.…”

“…Port-Orford-cedar heartwood was more toxic to termites (Reticulitermes flavipes [Kollar]) than were 10 other woods, apparently because of its oil content (Carter and Smythe 1974). Termites will, however, attack weathered Port-Orford-cedar wood from which the oil presumably has been lost.…”

Comparative Study of Resistance and Feeding Preference of 24 Wood Species to Attack by Heterotermes indicola (Wasmann) and Coptotermes heimi (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae, Termitidae) in Pakistan.

“…Factors affecting wood consumption by termites are numerous and complexly related (Peralta et al, 2004). Most important factors are wood species, hardness, presence of toxic substances, feeding inhibitors or deterrents, presence or absence of fungi, degree of fungal decay, moisture content of wood and soil (Carter & Smythe, 1974;Nagnan and Clement, 1990). Qureshi et al (2012) found in their study that the death of the termites is due to the mortality of their protozoan population during the period of experimentation which appears to be due to the toxic effect of corresponding wood and not because of non-feeding of the woods.…”

Survival and Feeding Responses <I>of Anacanthotermes ochraceus</I> (Hodotermitidae: Isoptera) to Local and Imported Wood

“…The natural resistance of wood to termite attack is caused in part by chemicals deposited in wood during heartwood formation (Kumar 1971, Beal et al 1974, Carter and Smythe 1974, McDaniel 1989. The activities of these chemicals usually differ among trees within a species and may vary among locations in individual trees.…”

“…The activities of these chemicals usually differ among trees within a species and may vary among locations in individual trees. Different wood contains different insecticidal chemicals and can be expected to vary in its resistance to wood-destroying insects (Carter andSmythe 1974, Carter andMauldin 1981). Also, the extractive components in termite-resistant wood may be contact toxin to termites or act as antifeedants, repellents, or protozoacides (Saeki et al 1971, Saeki 1973, Carter 1979, French et al 1979, Carter and Mauldin 1981.…”