“…In terms of advanced approaches, the use of nonlinear feedforward controllers (Guzzella, 1995), adaptive controllers (Ault et al, 1994), (Turin and Geering, 1995), (Jones et al, 1995), (Rupp et al, 2008), (Rupp, 2009), feedback linearization (Guzzella et al, 1997), observer based controllers (Chang et al, 1995), (Powell et al, 1998), , sliding mode controllers (Won et al, 1998), (Pieper and Mehrotra, 1999), (Souder and Hedrick, 2004), linear quadratic regulators (Ohata et al, 1995), (Onder and Geering, 1993), H V controllers (Vigild et al, 1999), (Mianzo et al, 2001), Smith Predictors (Nakagawa et al, 2002), neural network controllers (Zhai and Yu, in press) and model predictive controllers (Muske and Jones, 2006) can be mentioned. The use of an electronic throttle as an additional control actuator (Chang et al, 1993) or secondary/port throttles (Stefanopoulou et al, 1994) has been also explored.…”