Feedback-based fault-tolerant and health-adaptive optimal charging of batteries

Optimal Fast Charging of Lithium Ion Batteries: Between Model-Based and Data-Driven Methods

“…These methods are able to generate optimal fast charging protocols (often called reference trajectories) but when the cell deviates from these policies (due to unmodelled dynamics for instance) then feedback control is needed to apply corrections and push the battery back toward the reference. Feedback control schemes for fast charging include the reference governors of, 19 model predictive control 20,21 and its extension with deep learning, 22 the model inversion strategy with output tracking from, 23 the adaptive schemes of 24 that are able to accommodate faults and the switching schemes for constraint satisfaction 25 and following different operating modes. 26 Satisfying the problem constraints are key in these optimal strategies, 27 with the most significant constraint being the one for lithium plating, but there are others, including for mechanical stress.…”