Fecal Contamination of Drinking Water within Peri-Urban Households, Lima, Peru

Oswald, William E.; Lescano, Andrés G.; Bern, Caryn; Calderón, Maritza; Cabrera, Lilia; Gilman, Robert H.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2007.77.699

Cited by 99 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…47 It should also be noted that in these case studies, samples of drinking water were collected from the drinking water vessel. Research has shown that drinking water served in cups is often more contaminated than the corresponding stored drinking water, 45,48 and so our case studies may be overestimating the actual microbiological quality of drinking water in the home. Finally, a major limitation of this study is the reliance on self-reported data to determine consistent HWT use, highlighting the lack of high-quality objective indicators of exclusive HWT use.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Consistency of Use and Effectiveness of Household Water Treatment Practices Among Urban and Rural Populations Claiming to Treat Their Drinking Water at Home: A Case Study in Zambia

Rosa

Kelly

Clasen

2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Household water treatment (HWT) can improve drinking water quality and prevent disease, if used correctly and consistently. While international monitoring suggests that 1.8 billion people practice HWT, these estimates are based on household surveys that may overstate the level of consistent use and do not address microbiological effectiveness. We sought to examine how HWT is practiced among households identified as HWT users according to international monitoring standards. Case studies were conducted in urban and rural Zambia. After a baseline survey (urban: 203 households, rural: 276 households) to identify HWT users, 95 urban and 82 rural households were followed up for 6 weeks. Consistency of HWT reporting was low; only 72.6% of urban and 50.0% of rural households reported to be HWT users in the subsequent visit. Similarly, availability of treated water was low, only 23.3% and 4.2% of urban and rural households, respectively, had treated water on all visits. Drinking water was significantly worse than source water in both settings. Only 19.6% of urban and 2.4% of rural households had drinking water free of thermotolerant coliforms on all visits. Our findings raise questions about the value of the data gathered through the international monitoring of HWT practices as predictors of water quality in the home.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Consistency of Use and Effectiveness of Household Water Treatment Practices Among Urban and Rural Populations Claiming to Treat Their Drinking Water at Home: A Case Study in Zambia

Rosa

Kelly

Clasen

2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…In this study, reported boiling was associated with a significant reduction in contamination of stored water among households with contaminated source water, a finding that is consistent with other research. [31][32][33][34][35][36] In some studies, however, reported boiling has been associated with no effect 37,38 or even an increase in contamination. 39 Because there is no objective measure of boiling, assessment relies on self-report, which may substantially overestimate actual practice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Improved” But Not Necessarily Safe: An Assessment of Fecal Contamination of Household Drinking Water in Rural Peru

Heitzinger¹,

Rocha²,

Quick³

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. The indicator used to measure progress toward the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) for water is access to an improved water supply. However, improved supplies are frequently fecally contaminated in developing countries. We examined factors associated with Escherichia coli contamination of improved water supplies in rural Pisco province, Peru. A random sample of 207 households with at least one child less than 5 years old was surveyed, and water samples from the source and storage container were tested for E. coli contamination. Although over 90% of households used an improved water source, 47% of source and 43% of stored water samples were contaminated with E. coli. Pouring or using a spigot to obtain water from the storage container instead of dipping a hand or object was associated with decreased risk of contamination of stored water (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 0.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.42, 0.80). Container cleanliness (aPR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.45, 1.00) and correct handwashing technique (aPR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.42, 0.90) were also associated with decreased contamination risk. These findings highlighted the limitations of improved water supplies as an indicator of safe water access. To ensure water safety in the home, household water treatment and improved hygiene, water handling, and storage practices should be promoted.

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“…Although piped water from a municipal source in peri-urban Lima is microbiologically clean, it often becomes fecally contaminated before it is consumed. 34 Variation in antibiotic exposures was sought in Cajamarca, Iquitos, and Chincha by purposively selecting zones and areas within zones along a rural-urban continuum, with allowance for proximity to a fish or chicken farm or health post. In Lima, newer and older slums were selected.…”

Section: Study Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors for Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli Carriage in Young Children in Peru: Community-Based Cross-Sectional Prevalence Study

Kalter¹,

Gilman²,

Moulton³

et al. 2010

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Few studies have examined the influence of individual-, household-, and community-scale risk factors on carriage of resistant commensal bacteria. We determined children's medical, agricultural, and environmental exposures by household, pharmacy, and health facility surveys and Escherichia coli cultures of children, mothers' hands, household animals, and market chickens in Peru. Among 522 children with a positive stool culture, by log-binomial regression, using "any antibiotic" and 1-14 (versus 0) sulfa doses in the past 3 months increased children's risk, respectively, for ampicillin-and sulfamethoxazole-resistant E. coli carriage ( P = 0.01-0.02). Each household member taking "any antibiotic" increased children's risk for sulfamethoxazole-and multidrug-resistant E. coli carriage ( P < 0.0001). Residence in a zone where a larger proportion of households served home-raised chicken (as contrasted with intensively antibiotic-raised market chicken) protected against carrying E. coli resistant to all drugs ( P = 0.0004-0.04). Environmental contamination with drug-resistant bacteria appeared to significantly contribute to children's carriage of antibiotic-resistant E. coli .

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Fecal Contamination of Drinking Water within Peri-Urban Households, Lima, Peru

Cited by 99 publications

References 29 publications

Consistency of Use and Effectiveness of Household Water Treatment Practices Among Urban and Rural Populations Claiming to Treat Their Drinking Water at Home: A Case Study in Zambia

Consistency of Use and Effectiveness of Household Water Treatment Practices Among Urban and Rural Populations Claiming to Treat Their Drinking Water at Home: A Case Study in Zambia

“Improved” But Not Necessarily Safe: An Assessment of Fecal Contamination of Household Drinking Water in Rural Peru

Risk Factors for Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli Carriage in Young Children in Peru: Community-Based Cross-Sectional Prevalence Study

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