Fecal coliform disappearance in a river impoundment

Gannon, John J.; Busse, Michael K.; Schillinger, John E.

doi:10.1016/0043-1354(83)90017-9

Cited by 68 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Among these factors, previous studies have identified temperature, protozoan grazing, solar radiation and available nutrients as the most important that influences on bacterial growth and abundance in water bodies (Barcina, et al, 1986, Bonnefont, et al, 1990, Gannon, et al, 1983, Mc Cambridge and McMeekin, 1981, Pernthaler, et al, 2000, SoloGabriele, et al, 2000, Van der Steen, et al, 2000. Nevertheless, it appears from our results that the impact of all these factors together contribute to the same hierarchy of abundance, TC > FS > FC, and FC/FS ratio less than one in all of the water bodies examined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiological water quality of the Mfoundi River watershed at Yaoundé, Cameroon, as inferred from indicator bacteria of fecal contamination

Djuikom

Njiné

Nola

et al. 2006

Environ Monit Assess

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Microbiological water quality of the Mfoundi River watershed at Yaoundé, Cameroon, as inferred from indicator bacteria of fecal contamination Djuikom, E.; Njine, T.; Nola, M.; Sikati, V.; Jugnia, L.-B. Abstract. Using the membrane filtration technique to count total coliform (TC), fecal coliform (FC) and fecal streptococci (FS), the microbiological water quality of the Mfoundi River and four of its representative tributaries at Yaoundé, Cameroon, was assessed for human use and contact. Sampling was conducted so as to examine the potential origin of fecal contamination and how rainfall affects the measured concentrations of indicators organisms. Our results revealed that waters were not safe for human use or primary contact according to the standards for water quality established by the Word Health Organization (WHO). Indeed, these waters exhibited high concentrations of TC (Mean ± SD = 5.6 × 10 8 ± 2.5 × 10 6 CFU/100 ml), FC (Mean ± SD = 6.8 × 10 5 ± 2.4 × 10 3 CFU/100 ml) and FS (Mean ± SD = 7.3 × 10 5 ± 2.1 × 10 3 CFU/100 ml) that varied with the sampling sites and points. FC/FS ratio suggested that this contamination was more from warm-blooded animals than humans and correlation analysis points to the role of rainfall as a contributing factor, which enhanced the bacterial numbers detected. We conclude that there is a great potential risk of infection for users of waters from the Mfoundi River and its tributaries at Yaoundé.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiological water quality of the Mfoundi River watershed at Yaoundé, Cameroon, as inferred from indicator bacteria of fecal contamination

Djuikom

Njiné

Nola

et al. 2006

Environ Monit Assess

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“…It has been observed that flocs are an important transport mechanism for fine particles in river systems and that bacteria were an important component of these flocs (8). In studies of floc size, it was found that more than 90% of the fecal coliforms in lake water passed through a 5-m filter (12). These studies of freshwater systems suggest that if bacteria are attached to particles in freshwater, they are attached predominantly to small particles.…”

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confidence: 91%

Interaction of Escherichia coli and Soil Particles in Runoff

Muirhead

Collins

Bremer

2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

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A laboratory-scale model system was developed to investigate the transport mechanisms involved in the horizontal movement of bacteria in overland flow across saturated soils. A suspension of Escherichia coli and bromide tracer was added to the model system, and the bromide concentration and number of attached and unattached E. coli cells in the overland flow were measured over time. Analysis of the breakthrough curves indicated that the E. coli and bromide were transported together, presumably by the same mechanism. This implied that the E. coli was transported by advection with the flowing water. Overland-flow transport of E. coli could be significantly reduced if the cells were preattached to large soil particles (>45 m). However, when unattached cells were inoculated into the system, the E. coli appeared to attach predominantly to small particles (<2 m) and hence remained unattenuated during transport. These results imply that in runoff generated by saturation-excess conditions, bacteria are rapidly transported across the surface and have little opportunity to interact with the soil matrix.The transport of microorganisms from agricultural land into waterways can have detrimental effects on water quality and human health (10,18,28,29). To develop robust strategies to control the passage of microorganisms to waterways, a good understanding of the transport mechanisms involved is required. In a study of pig slurry flowing down a slope, it was reported that all of the bacteria were absorbed and retained by the soil under relatively dry antecedent conditions (9). In contrast, studies with saturated soils often show poor removal of bacteria (4, 5). This can be attributed, in part, to a lack of infiltration, which limits interaction of runoff with the soil matrix (1, 3).A further important factor in determining bacterial transport in overland flow is the state in which the bacteria occur, with different transport mechanisms postulated for bacteria attached to soil particles, present in flocs of cells, or occurring as single cells (11,16,28). It has been calculated that bacteria would need to be attached to soil particles Ͼ63 m in diameter to settle out of overland flow and would need to be in large flocs Ͼ500 m in diameter before they could be filtered out by grasses (11). In studies with artificial cowpats under simulated rainfall conditions, it was found that Escherichia coli cells were not eroded in flocs and that only 8% were attached to particles (21). These findings imply that E. coli eroded from cowpats during rainfall events would, under saturation-excess conditions, be rapidly transported over the soil surface unless it can attach to large soil particles during the transport process.There have been numerous studies on the attachment of bacteria to particles in marine waters, but only a small number with freshwater systems (8). In storm water from urban land, fecal indicator bacteria were adsorbed predominantly to fine clay particles (Ͻ2 m) (6). In another study with urban storm water, 83% of fecal coliforms...

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“…Quantifying the relative fractions of organisms associated with particles is essential to modeling efforts as particlemicrobe aggregates settle more quickly from the water column and thus travel shorter distances in receiving waters (Gannon et al 1983;Jeng et al 2005). Previous work also links microbial association with sediments to prolonged survival (Gerba & Schaiberger 1975;Gerba & McLeod 1976;Howell et al 1996;Jamieson et al 2004b) and/or regrowth (Hendricks & Morrison 1967;LaLiberte & Grimes 1982;Desmarais et al 2002;Lee et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the presence and partitioning behavior of indicator organisms and Salmonella spp. in an urban watershed

Krometis

Characklis

Drummey

et al. 2009

Journal of Water and Health

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The appropriateness of indicator organisms as surrogates for human pathogens in water quality modeling is dependent on similarities in both presence and transport behavior; however, very little data relating indicator and bacterial pathogen transport behavior in receiving waters is available. In this study observations of presence, partitioning behavior (i.e. association with settleable particles) and removal by upland detention basins were used to assess the suitability of six indicator organisms as surrogates for Salmonella spp. bacteria in an urban watershed.The fecal indicator bacteria (fecal coliforms, E. coli and enterococci) were most closely correlated with Salmonella in terms of presence and partitioning behavior (25-35% associated with settleable particles on average); however, further resolution of the variability associated with Salmonella partitioning is required. Higher removal of particle-associated microbes relative to the total microbial concentration by the detention ponds suggests that sedimentation may be an important removal mechanism. However, large fluctuations in pond performance between storm events and occasional net microbial exports in effluents indicate that these best management practices (BMPs), as currently implemented, will be unlikely to achieve water quality objectives.

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Fecal coliform disappearance in a river impoundment

Cited by 68 publications

References 6 publications

Microbiological water quality of the Mfoundi River watershed at Yaoundé, Cameroon, as inferred from indicator bacteria of fecal contamination

Microbiological water quality of the Mfoundi River watershed at Yaoundé, Cameroon, as inferred from indicator bacteria of fecal contamination

Interaction of Escherichia coli and Soil Particles in Runoff

Comparison of the presence and partitioning behavior of indicator organisms and Salmonella spp. in an urban watershed

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