FEATURES, OPERATION PRINCIPLE AND LIMITS OF SPI AND I<sup>2</sup>C COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS FOR SMART OBJECTS: A NOVEL SPI-BASED HYBRID PROTOCOL ESPECIALLY SUITABLE FOR IoT APPLICATIONS

Visconti, Paolo; Giannotta, Giovanni; Brama, R.; Primiceri, Patrizio; Malvasi, Angelo; Centuori, A.

doi:10.21307/ijssis-2017-211

Cited by 9 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…As the name indicates, the SDA line contains the data and the SCL with the clock signal for synchronization. Typical voltages used are +5 V or +3.3 V, although systems with other voltages are permitted [16].…”

Section: Inter-integrated Circuit (I²c) Communication Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, the actual transfer rate of user data is lower than those peak bit rates alone would imply. The basic design of I²C has a 7-bit address space with 16 reserved addresses, which makes the maximum number of nodes that can communicate on the same bus as 112 [16]. That means each I²C device is recognized by a unique 7-bit address.…”

Section: Inter-integrated Circuit (I²c) Communication Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SPI devices communicate in full duplex mode (both parties can communicate with each other simultaneously, which is visualized in the Figure Staszewski W, Jabłoński A, Dziedziech K.: A survey of communication protocols in modern embedded … 6) using a master-slave architecture with a single master [7] [16]. The master device originates the frame for reading and writing.…”

Section: Serial Peripheral Interface (Spi) Communication Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A survey of communication protocols in modern embedded condition monitoring systems

Staszewski¹,

Jabłoński²,

Dziedziech³

2018

Diagnostyka

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The aim of the paper is to present a recent development in the field of communication from the point of view of embedded machine condition monitoring system (CMS). Although the general purpose of CMS remains the same over years, various electronic innovations open new possibilities of enhancement, including lower price, smaller size, larger bandwidth, smaller energy consumption or larger distance for wireless transmission. The paper considers a general notion of an embedded monitoring system, which consists of a sensor, data acquisition and processing unit, storage peripherals, and a communication module for final data destination. For each of these defined parts, a detailed description of possible data transfer protocols and interfaces is given, including popular, and experimental ones.

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Section: Inter-integrated Circuit (I²c) Communication Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Inter-integrated Circuit (I²c) Communication Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Serial Peripheral Interface (Spi) Communication Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A survey of communication protocols in modern embedded condition monitoring systems

Staszewski¹,

Jabłoński²,

Dziedziech³

2018

Diagnostyka

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“…Once acquired theoretical and practical knowledge of the MSP-EXP430F5438 experimenter board [1] and the real time operating system FreeRTOS [6], the two principal instruments used in this research work, the development of the framework using FlexSPI has begun. The first step for the development of the firmware has been the design of a suited software architecture, with the purpose of dividing and therefore optimizing the different required tasks to perform a shared SPI communication.…”

Section: A Structure Of the Developed Flex-spi Firmwarementioning

confidence: 99%

“…bus with a fixed amount of wires, namely four independently from the slaves number, without renouncing to the advantages of a push-pull output stage and obtaining an architecture capable of great flexibility [1]. All four signals of developed FlexSPI protocol are entirely shared by slaves on bus: when a master wants to communicate with a particular device, it will perform an addressing at packet level.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

FRAMEWORK IMPLEMENTATION, FIRMWARE DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FLEX-SPI COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL: ENERGY CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON WITH I²C STANDARD

Visconti

Giannotta²,

Brama³

et al. 2017

International Journal on Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems

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In this paper, we report a detailed description of developed Flex-SPI firmware structure together with experimental tests carried out by using ad-hoc instrumental setups based on TI MSP-EXP430F5438 experimenter boards. Developed framework, aimed to provide a solid base to test the possibility of performing a shared SPI communication with a fixed number of wires without renouncing to push-pull output stage advantages, has been implemented and successfully validated. Also, FlexSPI energy consumption has been evaluated and then compared with the I 2 C one, by proper experimental setups and related data processing: the two protocols, in fact, share several features, although they rely on a different hardware configuration. The energy/bit metric was chosen so that the two output stages can be compared regardless the effective quantity of exchanged packets; thus, this measure provides an indication of necessary energy amount to move a single bit to guarantee the correct firmware functionality. Despite larger quantity of exchanged data due to channel reservation needs (with a 35% traffic overhead, in the performed tests), the FlexSPI total energy consumption is comparable with the I 2 C one, at the same communication speed; thus a lower energy/bit requirement is required for FlexSPI protocol, decreasing with the negotiated speed, in this way proving FlexSPI protocol as a suited and valid choice for high-speed low-consumption communications inside embedded systems with a developed architecture capable of great flexibility.

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Feasibility of conductive embroidered threads for I²C sensors in microcontroller-based wearable electronics

Volpes

Valenti

Zafar

et al. 2023

Flex. Print. Electron.

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In recent years, the importance of flexible and textile electronics in the field of wearable devices has continuously increased, as they are expected to replace conventional wires that exhibit limited resistance to the mechanical stress occurring in on-body applications. Wearable Health Devices (WHDs) can provide physiological information about various body parts and employ distributed sensor networks. Among the sensors typically integrated within WHDs, those based on the I2C communication protocol are very common and exploit signals transmitted at frequencies up to hundreds of kilohertz. Therefore, robust communication is required to guarantee a proper transmission of the signal at those frequencies. In this context, we have realized embroidered conductive threads exhibiting a lower resistance, appositely designed to replace conventional wires in a microcontroller-based wearable device employing I2C sensors. A commercial conductive thread (silver coated polyamide) was used to embroider the conductive lines on to cotton fabric. Preliminary measurements were performed to characterize the response of these materials to signals typically operated within the I2C communication protocol at different path lengths. Resistive measurements have also been performed to sitmulate different environmental conditions, that is, temperature, the effect of sweating, and repeated washing cycles, also apply mechnical stress, i.e twisting, with promising results that validate our conductive paths for digital signal communication.

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FEATURES, OPERATION PRINCIPLE AND LIMITS OF SPI AND I²C COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS FOR SMART OBJECTS: A NOVEL SPI-BASED HYBRID PROTOCOL ESPECIALLY SUITABLE FOR IoT APPLICATIONS

Cited by 9 publications

References 14 publications

A survey of communication protocols in modern embedded condition monitoring systems

A survey of communication protocols in modern embedded condition monitoring systems

FRAMEWORK IMPLEMENTATION, FIRMWARE DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FLEX-SPI COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL: ENERGY CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON WITH I²C STANDARD

Feasibility of conductive embroidered threads for I²C sensors in microcontroller-based wearable electronics

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FEATURES, OPERATION PRINCIPLE AND LIMITS OF SPI AND I2C COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS FOR SMART OBJECTS: A NOVEL SPI-BASED HYBRID PROTOCOL ESPECIALLY SUITABLE FOR IoT APPLICATIONS

Cited by 9 publications

References 14 publications

A survey of communication protocols in modern embedded condition monitoring systems

A survey of communication protocols in modern embedded condition monitoring systems

FRAMEWORK IMPLEMENTATION, FIRMWARE DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FLEX-SPI COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL: ENERGY CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON WITH I2C STANDARD

Feasibility of conductive embroidered threads for I2C sensors in microcontroller-based wearable electronics

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Product

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FEATURES, OPERATION PRINCIPLE AND LIMITS OF SPI AND I²C COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS FOR SMART OBJECTS: A NOVEL SPI-BASED HYBRID PROTOCOL ESPECIALLY SUITABLE FOR IoT APPLICATIONS

FRAMEWORK IMPLEMENTATION, FIRMWARE DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FLEX-SPI COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL: ENERGY CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON WITH I²C STANDARD

Feasibility of conductive embroidered threads for I²C sensors in microcontroller-based wearable electronics