Features of third generation photosensitizers used in anticancer photodynamic therapy: Review

Mfouo-Tynga, Ivan; Dias, Lucas D.; Inada, Natália Mayumi; Kurachi, Cristina

doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102091

Cited by 137 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…Third generation PSs utilize available drugs by modifying them ( Allison et al, 2004 ; Josefsen and Boyle, 2008 ; Mfouo-Tynga et al, 2021 ). Third generation PSs usually consist of second generation PSs that were modified with specific agents ( e.g.…”

Section: History Of Photodynamic Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment and Diagnosis of Cancer–A Review of the Current Clinical Status

2021

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been used as an anti-tumor treatment method for a long time and photosensitizers (PS) can be used in various types of tumors. Originally, light is an effective tool that has been used in the treatment of diseases for ages. The effects of combination of specific dyes with light illumination was demonstrated at the beginning of 20th century and novel PDT approaches have been developed ever since. Main strategies of current studies are to reduce off-target effects and improve pharmacokinetic properties. Given the high interest and vast literature about the topic, approval of PDT as the first drug/device combination by the FDA should come as no surprise. PDT consists of two stages of treatment, combining light energy with a PS in order to destruct tumor cells after activation by light. In general, PDT has fewer side effects and toxicity than chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. In addition to the purpose of treatment, several types of PSs can be used for diagnostic purposes for tumors. Such approaches are called photodynamic diagnosis (PDD). In this Review, we provide a general overview of the clinical applications of PDT in cancer, including the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Assessment of PDT therapeutic efficacy in the clinic will be discussed, since identifying predictors to determine the response to treatment is crucial. In addition, examples of PDT in various types of tumors will be discussed. Furthermore, combination of PDT with other therapy modalities such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery and immunotherapy will be emphasized, since such approaches seem to be promising in terms of enhancing effectiveness against tumor. The combination of PDT with other treatments may yield better results than by single treatments. Moreover, the utilization of lower doses in a combination therapy setting may cause less side effects and better results than single therapy. A better understanding of the effectiveness of PDT in a combination setting in the clinic as well as the optimization of such complex multimodal treatments may expand the clinical applications of PDT.

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Section: History Of Photodynamic Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment and Diagnosis of Cancer–A Review of the Current Clinical Status

2021

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“…Despite there being many specific topics, such as PS mechanisms [101][102][103][104][105] specific PSs [106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116], or new PSs [117][118][119][120][121][122][123] for NIR radiation, in recent years, research efforts have focused on advanced PSs (the so-called third generation). Bioconjugation and encapsulation are the main strategies behind these novel PSs (Figure 4), which could increase the specificity of phototoxic effects on targeted pathological tissue [124].…”

Section: Photosensitizersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…moiety; (b) encapsulation of the second generation into carriers (liposomes, micelles, and nanoparticles). Reproduced with permission from Ivan S. Mfouo-Tynga et al, Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy; published by Elsevier, 2021 [124].…”

Section: Photosensitizersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photodynamic Therapy: A Compendium of Latest Reviews

Algorri

Ochoa

Roldán-Varona

et al. 2021

Cancers

182

140

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising therapy against cancer. Even though it has been investigated for more than 100 years, scientific publications have grown exponentially in the last two decades. For this reason, we present a brief compendium of reviews of the last two decades classified under different topics, namely, overviews, reviews about specific cancers, and meta-analyses of photosensitisers, PDT mechanisms, dosimetry, and light sources. The key issues and main conclusions are summarized, including ways and means to improve therapy and outcomes. Due to the broad scope of this work and it being the first time that a compendium of the latest reviews has been performed for PDT, it may be of interest to a wide audience.

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“…Second-generation PSs (such as metalloporphyrins, porphycenes, purpurins, chlorins, protoporphyrins) was developed to overcome most of these shortcomings [ 17 ]. 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), methyl aminolevulinate (MAL; Metvix), and Hexvix/Cysview are precursors of protoporphyrin IX, which absorbs at 630 nm [ 28 , 29 ]. They were granted FDA approvals and are used to treat glioblastoma, basal cell carcinoma, Bowen disease, prostate, bladder, and colon cancers [ 30 , 31 , 32 ].…”

Section: Photodynamic Therapy In Treating Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Liposome Photosensitizer Formulations for Effective Cancer Photodynamic Therapy

2021

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising non-invasive strategy in the fight against that which circumvents the systemic toxic effects of chemotherapeutics. It relies on photosensitizers (PSs), which are photoactivated by light irradiation and interaction with molecular oxygen. This generates highly reactive oxygen species (such as 1O2, H2O2, O2, ·OH), which kill cancer cells by necrosis or apoptosis. Despite the promising effects of PDT in cancer treatment, it still suffers from several shortcomings, such as poor biodistribution of hydrophobic PSs, low cellular uptake, and low efficacy in treating bulky or deep tumors. Hence, various nanoplatforms have been developed to increase PDT treatment effectiveness and minimize off-target adverse effects. Liposomes showed great potential in accommodating different PSs, chemotherapeutic drugs, and other therapeutically active molecules. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in encapsulating PSs alone or combined with other chemotherapeutic drugs into liposomes for effective tumor PDT.

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Features of third generation photosensitizers used in anticancer photodynamic therapy: Review

Cited by 137 publications

References 106 publications

Photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment and Diagnosis of Cancer–A Review of the Current Clinical Status

Photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment and Diagnosis of Cancer–A Review of the Current Clinical Status

Photodynamic Therapy: A Compendium of Latest Reviews

Liposome Photosensitizer Formulations for Effective Cancer Photodynamic Therapy

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