Features of the nasal microbiota in patients with allergic rhinitis: A review

Abstract

The article analyzes the data of modern literature on the microbiota of ENT organs in normal and pathological conditions. The microbiota plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis by influencing metabolism, the immune system and human physiology. This complex of microorganisms includes bacteria, viruses and fungi that form the biofilm of otolaryngological organs, which prevents the penetration of pathogenic microorganisms. Different parts of the human upper respiratory tract have similar types of bacteria, but it differs dramatically at the level of families and genera. In addition, the balance of microbial flora depends on the immune system status, environmental factors, medication intake, age, race, lifestyle, as well as the health of other ENT organs. Changes in the nasal mucosa in allergic rhinitis are often associated with an increase in the content of bacteria. For example, Staphylococcus aureus can cause more severe nasal congestion in conjunction with protracted rhinitis and sinusitis. The production of bacterial proteinases contributes to easier penetration of allergens and activation of mucosal cells. The absence of microbiota can increase the response of the immune system and reduce the number of cells that contribute to the regulation of inflammation. This review presents an analysis of the composition of the normal microflora of otolaryngological organs and its effect on the occurrence of allergic rhinitis.