Features of Measuring the Electrical Conductivity of Distilled Water in Contact with Air

Ageev, I. M.; Rybin, Yury M.

doi:10.1007/s11018-020-01714-2

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The measured values agreed with reported data for conductivity of salt water with different salinity (Culkin, 1986;Schmidt et al, 2018;Gadani et al, 2012;Peyman et al, 2007 ;Lewis, 1980). Distilled water with a measured electrical conductivity of 0.01 mS.cm −1 , in agreement with literature values (<0.02 mS.cm −1, 25 • C) (Ageev & Rybin, 2020;Golnabi et al, 2009), was also considered as a control solution. The results indicated a linear relationship between electrical conductivity and concentration of PBS solution; the higher the concentration of electrolyte solution, the greater electrical conductivity value (supplementary information, Figure S8).…”

Section:  Electrolyte Consideration For Em Measurementssupporting

confidence: 89%

Critical considerations in determining the surface charge of small extracellular vesicles

Tamrin,

Phelps,

Nezhad

et al. 2023

J of Extracellular Vesicle

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Small extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a focal point of EV research due to their significant role in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes within living systems. However, uncertainties about the nature of these vesicles have added considerable complexity to the already difficult task of developing EV‐based diagnostics and therapeutics. Whereas small EVs have been shown to be negatively charged, their surface charge has not yet been properly quantified. This gap in knowledge has made it challenging to fully understand the nature of these particles and the way they interact with one another, and with other biological structures like cells. Most published studies have evaluated EV charge by focusing on zeta potential calculated using classical theoretical approaches. However, these approaches tend to underestimate zeta potential at the nanoscale. Moreover, zeta potential alone cannot provide a complete picture of the electrical properties of small EVs since it ignores the effect of ions that bind tightly to the surface of these particles. The absence of validated methods to accurately estimate the actual surface charge (electrical valence) and determine the zeta potential of EVs is a significant knowledge gap, as it limits the development of effective label‐free methods for EV isolation and detection. In this study, for the first time, we show how the electrical charge of small EVs can be more accurately determined by accounting for the impact of tightly bound ions. This was accomplished by measuring the electrophoretic mobility of EVs, and then analytically correlating the measured values to their charge in the form of zeta potential and electrical valence. In contrast to the currently used theoretical expressions, the employed analytical method in this study enabled a more accurate estimation of EV surface charge, which will facilitate the development of EV‐based diagnostic and therapeutic applications.

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Section:  Electrolyte Consideration For Em Measurementssupporting

confidence: 89%

Critical considerations in determining the surface charge of small extracellular vesicles

Tamrin,

Phelps,

Nezhad

et al. 2023

J of Extracellular Vesicle

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“…When the electrons which are accelerated by the ponderomotive force pass through the metal–liquid interface, terahertz waves can be generated. In addition, Ag has much greater conductivity than liquid water [ 39 , 40 ], indicating that more carriers can be involved in the radiation process, leading to more intense terahertz emission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of Terahertz Emission by Silver Nanoparticles in a Liquid Medium

et al. 2023

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Due to higher molecular density, lower ionization potential, and a better self-healing property compared with gases, liquid targets have been used for laser-induced terahertz generation for many years. In this work, a liquid target used for terahertz radiation is embedded with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), which makes the material have both the fluidity of liquids and conductivity of metals. Meanwhile, the experimental setup is easier to implement than that of liquid metals. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is used as a stabilizing agent to avoid precipitation formation. It is observed that the power of 0.5 THz radiation from the Ag NP suspension is five times stronger than that from liquid water in identical experimental conditions. In addition, the reusability of the material is investigated using multiple excitations. UV–visible spectroscopy and TEM imaging are carried out to analyze the target material after each excitation. As a result, quasispherical Ag NP suspensions show good reusability for several excitations and only a decrease in particle concentration is observed. By contrast, the chain-like Ag NP suspension shows poor stability due to PVA damage caused by intense laser pulses, so it cannot be used in a recyclable manner.

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“…Various types of water media display substantial differences in terms of electrical conductivity. Distilled water has minimal impurities and is essentially non-conductive, with a conductivity of 1.0 to 10.0 µS/cm [20]. Natural freshwater contains more conductive ions and impurities, with a conductivity of approximately 125 to 1250 µS/cm, while mineralized water has a conductivity of around 500 to 1000 µS/cm [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This increased the gap between the main capacitance and cross capacitance, improving the equivalent mutual capacitance. However, it is worth mentioning that the work utilized a comparatively low water medium conductivity of merely 2 µS/cm, which is significantly lower than natural water [20][21][22] and limits its applicability. In reference [26], a double-layer capacitive coupler was constructed under seawater, demonstrating an electrical energy transmission efficiency of 55.3% at a frequency of 308 Hz.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Coupler of Capacitive Power Transfer for Enhancing Underwater Power Transfer Characteristics

Zhang,

Lian

2023

Electronics

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Compared to inductive power transfer (IPT) technology, capacitive power transfer (CPT) technology offers unique advantages such as being cost-effective, lightweight, and free from eddy-current losses, making it more suitable for underwater power transfer. Unlike air, water can conduct electricity and the electric conductivity of different kinds of waters varies with different ion concentrations, which would greatly affect the equivalent model of the underwater couplers. To address this issue, multiple types of underwater coupler working in different kinds of water are compared and analyzed. The influence of the electrical conductivity of water on the capacitive coupler is comprehensively analyzed, and the novel capacitive coupler and its equivalent model are proposed to improve power transfer efficiency. To verify the theoretical analysis, the double-sided LC-compensated CPT circuit is built and tap water is used in the experiment. The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical analysis. In addition, the experimental results also validate the superiority of the proposed capacitive coupler compared to existing research.

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Features of Measuring the Electrical Conductivity of Distilled Water in Contact with Air

Cited by 9 publications

References 4 publications

Critical considerations in determining the surface charge of small extracellular vesicles

Critical considerations in determining the surface charge of small extracellular vesicles

Enhancement of Terahertz Emission by Silver Nanoparticles in a Liquid Medium

A Novel Coupler of Capacitive Power Transfer for Enhancing Underwater Power Transfer Characteristics

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