Features of 137 Cs distribution and dynamics in the main soils of the steppe zone in the southern European Russia

Gross Alpha and Gross Beta Activity Concentrations in Dust Fraction of Urban Surface Deposited Sediment in Russian Cities

“…Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) haveresulted from human activities that increase human exposure to Earth's crust radionuclides and can therefore be detected in air, water, food, building materials and the human body [4,[6][7][8]. Radiation hazard is due via external and internal exposure to these radioactive isotopes.External exposure is associated with gamma radiation releasedfrom the radioactive isotopes in the U and Thdecay chains, as well as from 40 K.Internal exposure is induced by inhalation of radon 222Rn, thoron 220Rn and short-lived radioisotopes of their progeny [9,10].Some artificial radionuclides may be present in the environment (such as 137 Cs and 131 I) such as Chernobyl [11,12]towing to nuclear weapons testing and nuclear accident.Surveillance of radioactive materials in the environment is essential for environmental protection, for instance, if NORM content outperformed the official background radiation levels, thus, it is vital to assess what anticipations should be taken if any. As well, it is suitable to identify the sources of radionuclide, the transportation into the environment and its migration [13].…”

Gross Alpha and Gross Beta Activity Concentrations in the Dust Fractions of Urban Surface-Deposited Sediment in Russian Cities

“…External exposure is associated with direct gamma radiation emitted from the isotopes in the U and Th series, as well as from 40 K. Internal exposure is caused by the inhalation of inert radioactive gases radon 222 Rn, thoron 220 Rn, and short-lived radioisotopes of their progeny [9,10]. Some artificial radionuclides may be present in the environment (such as 137 Cs and 131 I), such as in Chernobyl [11,12] and due to nuclear weapons testing and nuclear accident. Monitoring of any release of radioactive materials to the environment is necessary for the protection of the environment; for example, if NORM content exceeds the typical background radiation levels, it is therefore essential to evaluate what precautions should be taken, if any.…”