a b s t r a c tAmmonia-based molecular beam epitaxy (NH 3 -MBE) was used to grow catalyst-assisted GaN nanowires on ð1102Þ r-plane sapphire substrates. Dislocation free ½1120 oriented nanowires are formed with pentagon shape cross-section, instead of the usual triangular shape facet configuration. Specifically, the cross-section is the result of the additional two nonpolar f1010g side facets, which appear due to a decrease in relative growth rate of the f1010g facets to the f1011g and f1011g facets under the growth regime in NH 3 -MBE. Compared to GaN nanowires grown by Ni-catalyzed metal-organic chemical vapor deposition, the NH 3 -MBE grown GaN nanowires show more than an order of magnitude increase in band-edge to yellow luminescence intensity ratio, as measured by cathodoluminescence, indicating improved microstructural and optical properties.